Immobilized‐Cell Degradation of Chlorophenols
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 116, Issue 4
Abstract
The ability of immobilized cells grown under oxic and fluidized conditions to degrade 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) is evaluated under different dilute rate conditions. Microcarriers with 6.5‐μ. pores are employed for cell immobilization and retention. Results indicate that, with feed 4‐CP and 2,4‐DCP concentrations at 35.7 and 45.3 mg/1, respectively, good and stable removal performance is achievable at empty‐bed hydraulic retention times as low as one hour. Stoichiometric release of chloride and removal of total organic carbon are also observed, implying that complete mineralization of 4‐CP and 2,4‐DCP is attainable. This observation is further validated with the gas‐chromatography/mass‐spectrometry (GC/MS) data obtained in the 2,4‐DCP experimentation. Colonization of immobilized cells on the microcarrier surface is a slow but selective process. Extensive growth of filamentous bacteria is observed, with rodshaped bacteria grown underneath and adhered to the filaments. Detachment of immobilized cells from the microcarrier surface is negligible. The formation of microbial films on the microcarrier surface with measurable thickness is absent.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Apajalahti, J. H. A. (1987). “Chlorophenol metabolism of a polychlorophenol degrader, Rhodococcus cholrophenolicus sp. nov.,” dissertation presented to the University of Helsinki, at Helsinki, Finland, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
2.
Apajalahti, J. H. A., and Salkinoja‐Salonen, M. S. (1986). “Degradation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus Chlorophenolicus.” Appl. Microbiology Biotech., 25, 62–67.
3.
Boyd, S. A., et al. (1983). “Anaerobic biodegradation of phenolic compounds in digested sludge.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 46 (1), 50–54.
4.
Boyd, S. A., and Shelton, D. R. (1984). “Anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols in fresh and acclimated sludge.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 47(2), 272–277.
5.
Chu, J. P., and Kirsch, E. J. (1973). “Utilization of halophenols by a pentachlorophenol metabolizing bacterium.” Dev. Industrial Microbiology, 14, 264–273.
6.
Dorn, E., et al. (1974). “Isolation and characterization of a 3‐chlorobenzoate degrading psendomonad.” Arch. Microbiology, 99, 61–70.
7.
Dougherty, R. C. (1978). “Human exposure to pentachlorophenol.” Pentachlorophenol, Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, K. R. Rao, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 351–361.
8.
Häggblom, M. (1988). “Degradation and transformation of chlorinated phenolic compounds by strains of Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium,” dissertation presented to the University of Helsinki, at Helsinki, Finland, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
9.
Hakulinen, R., and Salkinoja‐Salonen, M. S. (1982). “Treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewaters in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor.” Proc. Biochem., 17(2), 18–22.
10.
Knuutinen, J., and Korhonen, I. O. O., (1983). “Gas chromatographic separation of acetylated chlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols on an SE‐30 quartz capillary column.” J. Chromatography, 257, 127–131.
11.
Kobayashi, K. (1978). “Metabolism of pentachlorophenol in fishes.” Pentachlorophenol, Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, K. R. Rao, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 89–105.
12.
Krumme, M. L., and Boyd, S. A. (1988). “Reductive chlorination of chlorinated phenols in anaerobic upflow bioreactors.” Water Res., 22(2), 171–177.
13.
Mikesell, M. D., and Boyd, S. A. (1986). “Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic microorganisms.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 52(4), 861–865.
14.
Neilson, A. H., et al. (1987). “Transformation of chloroquaiacols, chloroveratroles, and chlorocatechols by stable consortia of anaerobic bacteria.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 53(10), 861–865.
15.
Saber, D. L., and Crawford, R. L. (1985). “Isolation and characterization of Elavobacterium strains that degrade pentachlorophenol.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 50(6), 1512–1518.
16.
Salkinoja‐Salonen, M. S., et al. (1984). “Biodegradation of chlorophenolic compounds in wastes from wood‐processing industry.” Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology, M. J. Klug and C. A. Reddy, eds., Am. Soc. for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 668–676.
17.
Schwien, U., et al. (1988). “Degradation of chlorosubstituted aromatic compounds by Pseudomonas sp. strain B13; fate of 3.5‐dichlorocatechol.” Arch. Microbiology, 150, 78–84.
18.
Shieh, W. K., and Keenan, J. D. (1986). “Fluidized bed biofilm reactor for waste‐water treatment.” Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Vol. 33, A. Fiechter, ed., Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, West Germany, 131–169.
19.
Spain, J. C., and Gibson, D. T. (1988). “Oxidation of substituted phenols by Pseudomonas putida F1 and Pseudomonas sp. strain JS6.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 54(6), 1399–1404.
20.
Spokes, J. R., and Walker, N. (1974). “Chlorophenol and chlorobenzoic acid cometabolism by differernt genera of soil bacteria.” Arch. Microbiology, 96, 125–134.
21.
Valo, R., et al. (1984). “Chlorinated phenols as contaminants of soil and water in the vicinity of two Finnish sawmills.” Chemosphere, 13, 835–844.
22.
Valo, R., and Salkinoja‐Salonen, M. S. (1986). “Bioreclamation of chlorophenolcontaminated soil by composting.” Appl. Microbiology Biotech., 21, 313–319.
23.
Woods, S. L., et al. (1989). “Characterization of chlorophenol and chloromethoxybenzene biodegradation during anaerobic treatment.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 23(1), 62–68.
24.
Yee, C. J., and Shieh, W. K. (1989). “Effects of microcarrier surface characteristics on start‐up of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors,” presented at the Specialized Conference on Technical Advances in Biofilm Reactors, International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, Nice, France, Apr. 4–6.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1990 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jul 1, 1990
Published in print: Jul 1990
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.