Experiments and Numerical Analysis of a Seismically Resilient Bridge Bent with Stretch Length Anchors as Energy Dissipators
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 6
Abstract
The experimental performance and numerical analysis of a hybrid two-column bridge bent was examined to evaluate its ability to self-center and dissipate hysteretic energy during earthquakes. The experiment was conducted using quasi-static cyclic loads on a scaled specimen with posttensioning bars for self-centering and stretch length anchors for hysteretic energy dissipation. Posttensioning bars were used to connect the cap beam, columns, and footings without any mild steel reinforcing bars crossing the cap beam-to-column and column-to-footing interfaces. The number of posttensioning bars and initial posttensioning forces and the number of stretch length anchors were determined using mechanics and equivalent design of reinforced concrete columns. No yielding of posttensioning bars, mild steel reinforcing bars, or steel spirals was observed up to a 3.5% drift ratio; yielding occurred only in the stretch length anchors that are replaceable after an earthquake. Several stretch length anchors experienced tensile elongation, which exceeded their diameter. The residual drift of the hybrid bridge bent remained below 0.5% at the maximum applied 3.5% drift ratio without any visible damage to the concrete, steel collars, or steel chairs. A nonlinear numerical model was developed to represent the hysteretic response of the rocking bridge bent and was compared with the experimental results showing acceptable global and local response. The experiment and the nonlinear numerical model demonstrate that the bridge bent remains serviceable after significant drift cycles without any damage requiring repairs, which improves seismic resilience.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All experimental data, models, or codec that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The material is based upon work partially supported by the University of Utah. The authors acknowledge the donation of materials by Forterra Structural Precast. The authors acknowledge the assistance of M. Bryant, D. Tran, D. Briggs, and S. Shrestha of the University of Utah in carrying out the experiments. The authors also acknowledge the assistance of D. Thapa of Electrical Consultants, Inc.
References
AASHTO. 2011. AASHTO guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Report on analysis and design of seismic resistant concrete bridge systems. ACI 341.2R-14. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ameli, M. J. 2016. “Seismic evaluation of grouted splice sleeve connections for bridge piers in accelerated bridge construction.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Utah.
Ameli, M. J., D. N. Brown, J. E. Parks, and C. P. Pantelides. 2016. “Seismic column-to-footing connections using grouted splice sleeves.” ACI Struct. J. 113 (5): 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.14359/51688755.
Ameli, M. J., and C. P. Pantelides. 2017. “Seismic analysis of precast concrete bridge columns connected with grouted splice sleeve connectors.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (2): 04016176. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001678, 04016176.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for high-strength steel bars for pre-stressed concrete. A722/A722M-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard specification for anchor bolts, steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi yield strength. ASTM F1554-18. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barton, R. D., M. J. Ameli, and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Precast concrete bridge column-footing connections with recessed grouted splice sleeve connectors.” ACI Struct. J. 119 (1): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.14359/51734218.
Billington, S. L., and J. K. Yoon. 2004. “Cyclic response of unbonded posttensioned precast columns with ductile fiber-reinforced concrete.” J. Bridge Eng. 9 (4): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004)9:4(353).
Bu, Z.-Y., Y.-C. Ou, J.-W. Song, N.-S. Zhang, and G. C. Lee. 2016. “Cyclic loading test of unbonded and bonded posttensioned precast segmental bridge columns with circular section.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (2): 04015043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000807.
Chopra, A. 2007. Dynamics of structures, theory and application to earthquake engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson and Prentice Hall.
Culmo, M.P. 2011. Accelerated bridge construction: Experience in design, fabrication and erection of prefabricated bridge elements and systems. FHWA-HIF-12-013. McLean, VA: FJWA, Office of Bridge Technology, HIBT-10.
Dangol, I., and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Resilient posttensioned bridge bent with buckling restrained brace.” J. Bridge Eng. 27 (2): 04021107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001823.
Dangol, I., and C. P. Pantelides. 2023. “Seismic analysis of posttensioned and hybrid bridge bents with buckling restrained braces.” J. Bridge Eng. 28 (2): 4022146. https://doi.org/10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-5764.
Dangol, I., D. Thapa, and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Experimental evaluation of post-tensioned bridge bent under cyclic loads and comparison to hybrid bridge bents.” Eng. Struct. 256: 113962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113962.
ElGawady, M. A., and A. Sha’lan. 2011. “Seismic behavior of self-centering precast segmental bridge bents.” J. Bridge Eng. 16 (3): 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000174.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2011. Accelerated bridge construction: Experience in design, fabrication and excretion of prefabricated elements and systems. Washington, DC: FHWA.
Guerrini, G., J. I. Restrepo, M. Massari, and A. Vervelidis. 2015a. “Seismic behavior of posttensioned self-centering precast concrete dual-shell steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (4): 04014115. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001054.
Guerrini, G., J. I. Restrepo, A. Vervelidis, and M. Massari. 2015b. Self-centering precast concrete dual-steel-shell columns for accelerated bridge construction: Seismic performance, analysis, and design. Berkley, CA: Univ. of California.
Kawashima, K. 1997. “Japanese seismic design specifications of highway bridges and the performance based design.” In Proc., Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes, edited by P. Fajfar and H. Krawinkler. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
Lee, W. K., and S. L. Billington. 2009. Simulation and performance-based earthquake engineering assessment of self-centering post-tensioned concrete bridge systems. Rep. No. 2009/109. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Mander, J. B., and C. T. Cheng. 1997. Seismic resistance of bridge piers based on damage avoidance design. Rep. No. NCEER-97-0014. Buffalo, NY: Univ. at Buffalo.
Mander, J. B., M. J. N. Priestley, and R. Park. 1988. “Theoretical stress–strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 114 (8): 1804–1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804).
Mantawy, I. M., D. H. Sanders, M. O. Eberhard, and J. F. Stanton. 2019. “Modelling of debonded reinforcement in ABC connections designed for seismic zones.” Eng. Struct. 198: 109351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109351.
Marriott, D., S. Pampanin, and A. Palermo. 2009. “Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing of unbonded post-tensioned rocking bridge piers with external replaceable dissipaters.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (3): 331–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.857.
Marsh, M. L., M. Wernly, B. E. Garett, J. F. Stanton, M. O. Eberhard, and M. D. Weinert. 2011. Application of accelerated bridge construction connections in moderate-to-high seismic regions. NCHRP Rep. No. 698. Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
Mashal, M., and A. Palermo. 2019. “Low-damage seismic design for accelerated bridge construction.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (7): 04019066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001406.
McKenna, F., M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves. 2010. “Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 24 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000002.
Neupane, S., M. J. Ameli, and C. P. Pantelides. 2023. “Numerical modeling of column piers with recessed spliced sleeves and intentional debonding for accelerated bridge construction.” J. Struct. Eng. 149 (3): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1061/jsendh.steng-11769.
Ou, Y.-C., A. Y. Pratiwi, and J. Song. 2018. “Pseudodynamic testing and inelastic displacement ratios of self-centering precast concrete segmental bridge columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018158. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002161.
Ou, Y.-C., M.-S. Tsai, K.-C. Chang, and G. C. Lee. 2010. “Cyclic behavior of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with high performance or conventional steel reinforcing bars as energy dissipation bars.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39: 1181–1198. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.
Pampanin, S., D. Marriott, and A. Palermo. 2010. PRESSS design handbook. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Concrete Society.
Parks, J. E., C. P. Pantelides, L. Ibarra, and D. H. Sanders. 2018. “Stretch length anchor bolts under combined tension and shear.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (5): 1317–1328. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702236.
Parks, J. E., C. P. Pantelides, L. Ibarra, and D. H. Sanders. 2020. “Cyclic tests and modeling of stretch length anchor bolt assemblies for dry storage casks.” ACI Struct. J. 117 (6): 225–236. https://doi.org/10.14359/51728072.
Routledge, P., B. McHaffie, M. Cowan, and A. Palermo. 2020. “Wigram–Magdala link bridge: Low-damage details for a more efficient seismic design philosophy.” Struct. Eng. Int .30 (2): 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2019.1679696.
Sideris, P. 2012. “Seismic analysis and design of precast concrete segmental bridges.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. at Buffalo.
Sideris, P., A. J. Aref, and A. Filiatrault. 2014. “Quasi-static cyclic testing of a large-scale hybrid sliding‒rocking segmental column with slip-dominant joints.” J. Bridge Eng. 19 (10): 04014036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000605.
Soules, J. G., R. E. Bachman, and J. F. Silva. 2016. Chile earthquake of 2010: Assessment of industrial facilities around conception. Reston, VA: ASCE/SEI.
Stanton, J., W. C. Stone, and G. S. Cheok. 1997. “A hybrid reinforced precast frame for seismic regions.” PCI J. 42 (2): 20–32. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03011997.20.23.
Thapa, D., and C. P. Pantelides. 2021. “Self-centering bridge bent with stretch length anchors as a tension-only hysteretic hybrid system.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (10): 04021163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003146.
Thonstad, T., I. M. Mantawy, J. F. Stanton, M. O. Eberhard, and D. H. Sanders. 2016. “Shaking table performance of a new bridge system with pretensioned rocking columns.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (4): 04015079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000867.
Trautner, C., T. Hutchinson, M. Copellini, P. Grosser, R. Bachman, and J. Silva. 2017. “Developing ductility using concrete anchorage.” ACI Struct. J .114 (1): 101–112. https://doi.org/10.14359//51689152.
Trono, W., G. Jen, M. Panagiotou, M. Schoettler, and C. P. Ostertag. 2015. “Seismic response of a damage-resistant recentering posttensioned-HYFRC bridge column.” J. Bridge Eng. 20 (7): 04014096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000692.
Upadhyay, A., and C. P. Pantelides. 2022. “Fragility-informed seismic design of multi-column bridge bents with post-tensioned concrete columns for accelerated bridge construction.” Eng. Struct. 269: 114807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114807.
Upadhyay, A., C. P. Pantelides, and L. Ibarra. 2019. “Residual drift mitigation for bridges retrofitted with buckling restrained braces or self centering energy dissipation devices.” Eng. Struct. 199: 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109663.
Wacker, J. M., D. G. Hieber, J. F. Stanton, and M. O. Eberhard. 2005. Design of precast concrete piers for rapid bridge construction in seismic regions. Rep. No. WA-RD 629.1. Seattle, WA: Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Univ. of Washington.
Wang, Z., J. Wang, K. Chen, and J. Zhang. 2019. “Feasible region of post-tensioning force for precast segmental post-tensioned UHPC bridge columns.” Eng. Struct. 200: 109685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109685.
Zhang, D., N. Li, Z. X. Li, and L. Xie. 2020. “Seismic performance of bridge with unbonded posttensioned self-centering segmented concrete-filled steel-tube columns: An underwater shaking table test.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng 138: 106350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106350.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 6 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 2, 2023
Accepted: Jan 24, 2024
Published online: Apr 5, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 5, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Anchors
- Bars (structure)
- Bents (structural)
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Equipment and machinery
- Frames
- Geotechnical engineering
- Materials engineering
- Materials processing
- Models (by type)
- Numerical models
- Post tensioning
- Seismic effects
- Seismic tests
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.