Modeling Pavement Surface Deflections under Accelerated Pavement Testing Using the PCA Method
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 147, Issue 12
Abstract
When subjected to traffic loading, one response mechanism of a pavement structure is to endure surface deflections. These surface deflections are a quantitative function of the pavement’s integrity and are often used for pavement structural condition and performance evaluation. In this paper, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was utilized to model the pavement surface deflections as a function of wheel load, wheel speed, number of load cycles, and temperature under accelerated pavement testing (APT) using the MLS30 device. The APT test site comprised typical flexible pavement structures with an asphalt surfacing layer, a base, and a subbase resting on the subgrade. The scope of work included indoor APT trafficking with the MLS30, surface deflection measurements, PCA model formulation, and data analysis. Among the surface deflection basin parameters evaluated, the maximum deflection and area factor exhibited the best correlation with temperature, registering a coefficient of correlation exceeding 90%. Overall, the study contributes to the literature enrichment through substantiation of the PCA as a potential analytical method for simulating and modeling the pavement surface deflections under moving wheel loads and fluctuating temperature conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during the study are included in the published paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support provided by the research projects carried out at the request of the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, requested by the Federal Highway Research Institute, under research projects Nos. 04.0259/2012/NGB and FE88.0137/FE88.0138. The contents of this paper, which is not a standard nor a design/bidding document, reflect the views of the authors who are solely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein and do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of any agency or institute. Trade names were used solely for information purposes and not for product endorsement, advertisement, promotions, or certification.
References
Arraigada, M., A. Pugliessi, M. N. Partl, and F. Martinez. 2014. “Effect of full-size and down-scaled accelerated traffic loading on pavement behavior.” Mater. Struct. 47 (8): 1409–1424. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0319-2.
Březina, I., J. Stryk, and J. Grošek. 2017. “Using traffic speed deflectometer to measure deflections and evaluate bearing capacity of asphalt road pavements at network level.” In Vol. 236 of Proc., IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 012102. Bristol, UK: IOP Publishing.
DasGupta, B., J. P. Hespanha, J. Riehl, and E. Sontag. 2006. “Honey-pot constrained searching with local sensory information.” Nonlinear Anal. Theory Methods Appl. 65 (9): 1773–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2005.10.049.
Eghbalpoor, R., M. Baghani, and H. Shahsavari. 2019. “An implicit finite element framework considering damage and healing effects with application to cyclic moving load on asphalt pavement.” Appl. Math. Modell. 70 (Jun): 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.01.021.
Epps Martin, A., L. F. Walubita, F. Hugo, and N. U. Bangera. 2003. “Pavement response and rutting for full-scale and scaled APT.” J. Transp. Eng. 129 (4): 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:4(451).
Fakhri, M., and R. S. Dezfoulian. 2019. “Pavement structural evaluation based on roughness and surface distress survey using neural network model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 204 (Apr): 768–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.142.
Faruk, A. N., W. Liu, S. I. Lee, B. Naik, D. H. Chen, and L. F. Walubita. 2016. “Traffic volume and load data measurement using a portable weigh in motion system: A case study.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 9 (3): 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.05.004.
Fedele, G., B. Locatelli, and H. Djoudi. 2017. “Mechanisms mediating the contribution of ecosystem services to human well-being and resilience.” Ecosyst. Serv. 28 (2017): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.011.
FGSV (Research Society for Road and Transportation). 2001. Guidelines for the standardization of the upper structure of traffic areas. 2001 ed. Köln, Germany: FGSV.
Fuentes, L., R. Camargo, G. Martínez-Arguelles, J. J. Komba, B. Naik, and L. F. Walubita. 2021. “Pavement serviceability evaluation using whole body vibration techniques: A case study for urban roads.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (10): 1238–1249. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1672872.
Fuentes, L., K. Taborda, X. Hu, E. Horak, T. Bai, and L. F. Walubita. 2020. “A probabilistic approach to detect structural problems in flexible pavement sections at network level assessment.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2020 (Oct): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1828586.
Gao, L., H. Dan, and L. Li. 2019. “Response analysis of asphalt pavement under dynamic loadings: Loading equivalence.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2019: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7020298.
Ghadjati, M., A. Moussaoui, and A. Boukharouba. 2019. “A novel iterative PCA–based pansharpening method.” Remote Sens. Lett. 10 (3): 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2018.1547443.
Hu, X., F. Zhou, S. Hu, and L. F. Walubita. 2010. “Proposed loading waveforms and loading time equations for mechanistic-empirical pavement design and analysis.” J. Transp. Eng. 136 (6): 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000121.
Komba, J. J., M. Mataka, J. T. Malisa, L. F. Walubita, and J. W. Maina. 2019. “Assessment of traffic data for road rehabilitation design: A case study of the Korogwe-Mombo road section in Tanzania.” J. Test. Eval. 47 (3): 1745–1761. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180072.
Li, B., X. Ren, Y. Li, W. Ma, and H. Li. 2017. “Evaluation and selection of sealants and fillers using principal component analysis for cracks in asphalt concrete pavements.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 32 (2): 408–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-017-1611-0.
Li, Q., Q. Zou, Q. Mao, X. Chen, and B. Li. 2013. “Efficient calibration of a laser dynamic deflectometer.” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62 (4): 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2013.2240932.
Liu, P., F. Otto, D. Wang, M. Oeser, and H. Balck. 2017. “Measurement and evaluation on deterioration of asphalt pavements by geophones.” Measurement 109 (Oct): 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.05.066.
Liu, P., D. Wang, F. Otto, J. Hu, and M. Oeser. 2018. “Application of semi-analytical finite element method to evaluate asphalt pavement bearing capacity.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 19 (6): 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1175562.
Lu, Z., G. Song, and L. Shieh. 2010. “Improving sparsity in kernelized nonlinear feature extraction algorithms by polynomial kernel higher order neural networks.” In Artificial higher order neural networks for computer science and engineering, 223–238. Hershey, PA: International Global Impress.
Lyu, Z., J. Qian, Z. Shi, and Q. Gao. 2020. “Dynamic responses of layered poroelastic ground under moving traffic loads considering effects of pavement roughness.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 130 (Mar): 105996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105996.
Ma, X., Z. Dong, X. Yu, F. Chen, C. Cao, and J. Sun. 2018. “Monitoring the structural capacity of airfield pavement with built-in sensors and modulus back-calculation algorithm.” Constr. Build. Mater. 175 (Jun): 552–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.198.
Mehranfar, V., and A. Modarres. 2020. “Evaluating the recycled pavement performance and layer moduli at variable temperature by nondestructive tests.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 21 (7): 817–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1511784.
Nasimifar, M., R. V. Siddharthan, G. R. Rada, and S. Nazarian. 2016. “Validation of dynamic simulation of slow-moving surface deflection measurements.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2589 (1): 127–134. https://doi.org/10.3141/2589-14.
Nasimifar, M., R. V. Siddharthan, G. R. Rada, and S. Nazarian. 2017. “Dynamic analyses of traffic speed deflection devices.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 18 (5): 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1088152.
Pais, J. C., S. I. R. Amorim, and M. J. C. Minhoto. 2013. “Impact of traffic overload on road pavement performance.” J. Transp. Eng. 139 (9): 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000571.
Plati, C., P. Georgiou, and V. Papavasiliou. 2016. “Simulating pavement structural condition using artificial neural networks.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 12 (9): 1127–1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2015.1086384.
Raab, C., and M. N. Partl. 2015. In situ service capability of tack coats. In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements VI, 55. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ren, R., W. Fan, P. Zhao, H. Zhou, W. Meng, and P. Ji. 2020. “Crude oil source identification of asphalt via ATR-FTIR approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2025072.
Rys, D., J. Judycki, and P. Jaskula. 2016. “Analysis of effect of overloaded vehicles on fatigue life of flexible pavements based on weigh in motion (WIM) data.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 17 (8): 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1019493.
Shrestha, S., S. W. Katicha, and G. Flintsch. 2018. Development of TSD structural condition thresholds based on pavement management condition data. Rep. No. 18-04760. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Sollazzo, G., T. F. Fwa, and G. Bosurgi. 2017. “An ANN model to correlate roughness and structural performance in asphalt pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (Mar): 684–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.186.
Varma, S., and M. Emin Kutay. 2016. “Backcalculation of viscoelastic and nonlinear flexible pavement layer properties from falling weight deflections.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 17 (5): 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.993196.
Walubita, L. F. 2011. “Modeling mechanistic responses in asphalt pavements under three-dimensional tire-pavement contact pressure.” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 18 (1): 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-011-0687-5.
Walubita, L. F., L. Fuentes, A. N. M. Faruk, J. J. Komba, A. Prakoso, and B. Naik. 2020. “Mechanistic-empirical compatible traffic data generation: Portable weigh-in-motion versus cluster analysis.” J. Test. Eval. 48 (3): 2377–2392. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20190745.
Walubita, L. F., L. Fuentes, S. I. Lee, I. Dawd, and E. Mahmoud. 2019. “Comparative evaluation of five HMA rutting-related laboratory test methods relative to field performance data: DM, FN, RLPD, SPST, and HWTT.” Constr. Build. Mater. 215 (Aug): 737–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.250.
Walubita, L. F., F. Hugo, and A. L. E. Martin. 2002. “Indirect tensile fatigue performance of asphalt after MMLS3 trafficking under different environmental conditions.” J. South Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. 44 (3): 2–11.
Walubita, L. F., and M. F. C. Van de Ven. 2000. “Stresses and strains in asphalt-surfacing pavements.” In Proc., South African Transport Conf., SATC 2000. Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR International Convention Centre.
Walubita, L. F., J. Zhang, A. E. Alvarez, and X. Hu. 2013. “Exploring the flow number (FN) index as a means to characterise the HMA permanent deformation response under FN testing.” J. South Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. 55 (3): 103–112.
Wang, H., and M. Li. 2016. “Comparative study of asphalt pavement responses under FWD and moving vehicular loading.” J. Transp. Eng. 142 (12): 04016069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000902.
Wang, K., Y. Yuan, S. Han, and H. Yang. 2018. “Application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and principal component analysis (PCA) for quick identifying of the bitumen produced by different manufacturers.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 19 (8): 1940–1949. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1352016.
Xu, M., Y. Zhang, P. Zhao, and C. Liu. 2020. “Study on aging behavior and prediction of SBS modified asphalt with various contents based on PCA and PLS analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 265 (Dec): 120732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120732.
Zhang, J., G. S. Simate, X. Hu, M. Souliman, and L. F. Walubita. 2017. “Impact of recycled asphalt materials on asphalt binder properties and rutting and cracking performance of plant-produced mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (Nov): 654–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.084.
Zihan, Z. U., M. A. Elseifi, P. Icenogle, K. Gaspard, and Z. Zhang. 2020. “Mechanistic-based approach to utilize traffic speed deflectometer measurements in backcalculation analysis.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2674 (5): 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120914296.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 12, 2021
Accepted: Aug 24, 2021
Published online: Sep 29, 2021
Published in print: Dec 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 28, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.