Perceived COVID-19 Safety Risk and Safety Behavior on Construction Sites: Role of Safety Climate and Firm Size
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 147, Issue 11
Abstract
This study examined the determinants of COVID-19-related safety behavior (SB) on construction sites in Nigeria. Specifically, the effect of perceived COVID-19 safety risk (PCSR) on SB, the interacting (moderating) effect of firm size (FS) on the relationship between PCSR and SB, and the mechanism through which PCSR leads to SB through the firm’s safety climate (SC) were examined for a sample of 312 construction site workers in Nigeria. The partial least squares structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that PCSR has no significant effect on SB. SC fully mediated the effect of PCSR on SB, while FS moderated the relationship between PCSR and SB, with a stronger effect observed for small firms. It is recommended that a deliberate effort should be made to inculcate a change in the behavior of workers in small firms because of the inverse relationship between PCSR and SB in such firms. This study’s findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge by equipping construction project managers and engineers with much-required information to create a good SC aimed at fostering an acceptable level of SB among construction workers in order to reduce the spread of COVID-19 on construction sites. The study also advances the academic literature on health and safety performance in the construction sector, particularly during pandemics such as COVID-19.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from Universiti Sains Malaysia through the Graduate on Time Incentive (Grant No. 1001/PPBGN/821054).
References
Adebiyi, R. T., O. Babalola, G. Amuda-yusuf, S. A. Rasheed, and T. O. Olowa. 2020. “Effect of knowledge and compliance of health and safety information on construction sites workers’ safety in Nigeria.” Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng. 10 (2): 269–277. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.100215.
Aguinis, H., J. C. Beaty, R. J. Boik, and C. A. Pierce. 2005. “Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review.” J. Appl. Psychol. 90 (1): 94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.94.
Amis, J. M., and B. D. Janz. 2020. “Leading change in response to COVID-19.” J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 56 (3): 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320936703.
Amoah, C., and F. Simpeh. 2020. “Implementation challenges of COVID-19 safety measures at construction sites in South Africa.” J. Facil. Manage. 19 (1): 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-08-2020-0061.
Bae, S. Y., and P.-J. Chang. 2020. “The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020).” Curr. Issues Tourism 24 (7): 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895.
Bamgbade, J., A. Kamaruddeen, M. Nawi, A. Adeleke, M. G. Salimon, and W. Ajibike. 2019. “Analysis of some factors driving ecological sustainability in construction firms.” J. Cleaner Prod. 208 (Jan): 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.229.
Bonafede, M., M. Corfiati, D. Gagliardi, F. Boccuni, M. Ronchetti, A. Valenti, and S. Iavicoli. 2016. “OHS management and employers’ perception: Differences by firm size in a large Italian company survey.” Saf. Sci. 89 (Nov): 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.05.012.
Bui, D. P., K. McCaffrey, M. Friedrichs, N. LaCross, N. M. Lewis, K. Sage, and S. Braby. 2020. “Racial and ethnic disparities among COVID-19 cases in workplace outbreaks by industry sector—Utah, March 6–June 5, 2020.” MMWR 69 (33): 1133. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6933e3.
Champion, V. L., and C. S. Skinner. 2008. “The health belief model.” In Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 45–65. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Chan, A. P., A. A. Javed, F. K. Wong, C. K. Hon, and S. Lyu. 2017. “Evaluating the safety climate of ethnic minority construction workers in Hong Kong.” J. Civ. Eng. Educ. 143 (4): 04017006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000333.
Chang, R.-D., J. Zuo, Z.-Y. Zhao, V. Soebarto, Y. Lu, G. Zillante, and X.-L. Gan. 2018. “Sustainability attitude and performance of construction enterprises: A China study.” J. Cleaner Prod. 172 (Jan): 1440–1451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.277.
Chin, W. W. 1998. Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling: JSTOR. Minnesota, Canada: Management Information Systems Research Center.
Chinyio, E., S. Suresh, and J. B. Salisu. 2018. “The impacts of monetary rewards on public sector employees in construction: A case of Jigawa state in Nigeria.” J. Eng. Des. Technol. 16 (1): 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-12-2016-0098.
Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behaviors science. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, MI: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
Dillard, A. J., R. A. Ferrer, P. A. Ubel, and A. Fagerlin. 2012. “Risk perception measures’ associations with behavior intentions, affect, and cognition following colon cancer screening messages.” Health Psychol. 31 (1): 106. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024787.
Elmoujaddidi, F., and A. Bachir. 2019. “Perceived risk, safety climate and safety behavior on Moroccan construction sites.” Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 26 (1): 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1546461.
Fassott, G., J. Henseler, and P. S. Coelho. 2016. “Testing moderating effects in PLS path models with composite variables.” Ind. Manage. Data Syst. 116 (9): 1887–1900. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-06-2016-0248.
Griffin, D., and J. Denholm. 2020. “This isn’t the first global pandemic, and it won’t be the last. Here’s what we’ve learned from 4 others throughout history.” Accessed January 11, 2021. https://theconversation.com/this-isnt-the-first-global-pandemic-and-it-wont-be-the-last-heres-what-weve-learned-from-4-others-throughout-history-136231.
Griffin, M. A., and M. Curcuruto. 2016. “Safety climate in organizations.” Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 3 (Apr): 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414.
Gurmu, A. T. 2019. “Identifying and prioritizing safety practices affecting construction labour productivity.” Int. J. Product. Perform. Manage. 68 (8): 1457–1474. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2018-0349.
Gustafsson, J., and L. Bengtsson. 2020. Reverse logistics management in construction: A multiple case study examining the effect of organisational size. Jönköping, Sweden: Jonkoping University International Business School.
Hair, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2017. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: SAGE.
Hayes, A. F., and N. J. Rockwood. 2017. “Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation.” Behav. Res. Therapy 98 (Nov): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001.
Herath, T., and H. S. Herath. 2020. “Coping with the new normal imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for technology management and governance.” Inf. Syst. Manage. 37 (4): 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2020.1818902.
Idrees, M. D., M. Hafeez, and J.-Y. Kim. 2017. “Workers’ age and the impact of psychological factors on the perception of safety at construction sites.” Sustainability 9 (5): 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050745.
Irigoyen-Camacho, M. E., M. C. Velazquez-Alva, M. A. Zepeda-Zepeda, M. F. Cabrer-Rosales, I. Lazarevich, and A. Castaño-Seiquer. 2020. “Effect of income level and perception of susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 on stay-at-home preventive behavior in a group of older adults in Mexico City.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (20): 7418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207418.
Jamaludin, S., N. A. Azmir, A. F. M. Ayob, and N. Zainal. 2020. “COVID-19 exit strategy: Transitioning towards a new normal—Review article.” Ann. Med. Surg. 59 (Nov): 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.046.
Kenny, D. A. 2016. “Moderation.” Accessed January 12, 2021. davidakenny.net/cm/moderation.htm.
Kheni, N. A., A. R. Dainty, and A. Gibb. 2008. “Health and safety management in developing countries: A study of construction SMEs in Ghana.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 26 (11): 1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802459916.
Kim, N. K., N. F. A. Rahim, M. Iranmanesh, and B. Foroughi. 2019. “The role of the safety climate in the successful implementation of safety management systems.” Saf. Sci. 118 (Oct): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.008.
Kines, P., and K. L. Mikkelsen. 2003. “Effects of firm size on risks and reporting of elevation fall injury in construction trades.” J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45 (10): 1074–1078. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000085887.16564.3a.
Klassen, R. D., and D. C. Whybark. 1999. “The impact of environmental technologies on manufacturing performance.” Acad. Manage. J. 42 (6): 599–615. https://doi.org/10.5465/256982.
Kobayashi, T., S.-M. Jung, N. M. Linton, R. Kinoshita, K. Hayashi, T. Miyama, and A. R. Akhmetzhanov. 2020. Communicating the risk of death from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Basel, Switzerland: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Kock, N. 2015. “Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach.” Int. J. e-Collab. 11 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101.
Kock, N. 2019. “From composites to factors: Bridging the gap between PLS and covariance-based structural equation modeling.” Inf. Syst. J. 29 (3): 674–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12228.
Kock, N., and P. Hadaya. 2018. “Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods.” Inf. Syst. J. 28 (1): 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131.
Koh, D. 2020a. “Migrant workers and COVID-19.” Occup. Environ. Med. 77 (9): 634–636. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106626.
Koh, D. 2020b. “Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection.” Occup. Med. (London) 70 (1): 3. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa036.
Kouabenan, D. R., R. Ngueutsa, and S. Mbaye. 2015. “Safety climate, perceived risk, and involvement in safety management.” Saf. Sci. 77 (2): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.009.
Liang, D., and T. Liu. 2017. “Does environmental management capability of Chinese industrial firms improve the contribution of corporate environmental performance to economic performance? Evidence from 2010 to 2015.” J. Cleaner Prod. 142 (Jan): 2985–2998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.169.
Lin, J., and A. Mills. 2001. “Measuring the occupational health and safety performance of construction companies in Australia.” Facilities 19 (3): 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632770110381676.
Loewenstein, G. F., E. U. Weber, C. K. Hsee, and N. Welch. 2001. “Risk as feelings.” Psychol. Bull. 127 (2): 267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267.
Luria, G. 2019. “Climate as a group level phenomenon: Theoretical assumptions and methodological considerations.” J. Organ. Behav. 40 (9–10): 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2417.
Lynn, M., and P. Bogert. 1996. “The effect of scarcity on anticipated price appreciation.” J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 26 (22): 1978–1984. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01783.x.
Malesza, M., and M. C. Kaczmarek. 2020. “Predictors of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.” Pers. Individual Differ. 170 (10): 110419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110419.
Manu, P., A.-M. Mahamadu, T. T. Nguyen, C. Ath, A. Y. T. Heng, and S. C. Kit. 2018a. “Health and safety management practices of contractors in South East Asia: A multi country study of Cambodia, Vietnam, and Malaysia.” Saf. Sci. 107 (Aug): 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.07.007.
Manu, P., A. Poghosyan, G. Agyei, A.-M. Mahamadu, and K. Dziekonski. 2018b. “Design for safety in construction in sub-Saharan Africa: A study of architects in Ghana.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 21 (4): 382–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1541704.
Maqsoom, A., R. M. Choudhry, M. Umer, and T. Mehmood. 2019. “Influencing factors indicating time delay in construction projects: Impact of firm size and experience.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 2019 (May): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1613206.
McGuirk, P. M., and P. O’Neill. 2016. Using questionnaires in qualitative human geography. 246–273. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
McPeake, J., and N. Pattison. 2020. “COVID-19: Moving beyond the pandemic.” J. Adv. Nurs. 76 (10): 2447–2449. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14438.
McVittie, D., H. Banikin, and W. Brocklebank. 1997. “The effects of firm size on injury frequency in construction.” Saf. Sci. 27 (1): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00048-9.
Mohamed, S. 2002. “Safety climate in construction site environments.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 128 (5): 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)128:5(375).
Mosly, I., and A. A. Makki. 2020. “Safety climate perceptions in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia: The current situation.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (18): 6717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186717.
Musarat, M. A., W. S. Alaloul, and M. Liew. 2020. “Impact of inflation rate on construction projects budget: A review.” Ain Shams Eng. J. 12 (1): 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.04.009.
Nagata, N., T. Shimbo, J. Akiyama, R. Nakashima, S. Nishimura, T. Yada, and N. Uemura. 2012. “Risk factors for intestinal invasive amebiasis in Japan, 2003–2009.” Emergency Infect. Dis. 18 (5): 717. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1805.111275.
Omobowale, A. O., O. K. Oyelade, M. O. Omobowale, and O. S. Falase. 2020. “Contextual reflections on COVID-19 and informal workers in Nigeria.” Int. J. Sociol. Soc. Policy 40 (9): 1041–1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-05-2020-0150.
Onubi, H. O., N. A. Yusof, and A. S. Hassan. 2019. “Adopting green construction practices: Health and safety implications.” J. Eng. Des. Technol. 18 (3): 635–652. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-08-2019-0203.
Oswald, D., D. D. Ahiaga-Dagbui, F. Sherratt, and S. D. Smith. 2020. “An industry structured for unsafety? An exploration of the cost-safety conundrum in construction project delivery.” Saf. Sci. 122 (Feb): 104535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104535.
Pandit, B., A. Albert, Y. Patil, and A. J. Al-Bayati. 2019. “Impact of safety climate on hazard recognition and safety risk perception.” Saf. Sci. 113 (Mar): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.020.
Pasco, R. F., S. J. Fox, S. C. Johnston, M. Pignone, and L. A. Meyers. 2020. “Estimated association of construction work with risks of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization in Texas.” JAMA Network Open 3 (10): 2026373. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26373.
Pham, K.-T., D.-N. Vu, P. L. H. Hong, and C. Park. 2020. “4D-BIM-based workspace planning for temporary safety facilities in construction SMEs.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (10): 3403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103403.
Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J.-Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff. 2003. “Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.” J. Appl. Psychol. 88 (5): 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Quintal, V. A., J. A. Lee, and G. N. Soutar. 2010. “Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example.” Tourism Manage. 31 (6): 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006.
Ramayah, T., J. Cheah, F. Chuah, H. Ting, and M. A. Memon. 2018. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An updated and practical guide to statistical analysis. 2nd ed. London: Pearson.
Richter, A. 2020. “Locked-down digital work.” Int. J. Inf. Manage. 55 (Dec): 102157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102157.
Ringen, K., X. S. Dong, L. M. Goldenhar, and C. T. Cain. 2018. “Construction safety and health in the USA: Lessons from a decade of Turmoil.” Ann. Work Expo. Health 62 (1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxy069.
Rispler, C., and G. Luria. 2021. “Employee experience and perceptions of an organizational road-safety intervention—A mixed-methods study.” Saf. Sci. 134 (Feb): 105089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105089.
Rosenstock, I. M. 1974. “Historical origins of the health belief model.” Health Educ. Monogr. 2 (4): 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403.
Rungtusanatham, M., J. Miller, and K. Boyer. 2014. “Theorizing, testing, and concluding for mediation in SCM research: Tutorial and procedural recommendations.” J. Oper. Manage. 32 (3): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.01.002.
Smith, G. S., Y.-H. Huang, M. Ho, and P. Y. Chen. 2006. “The relationship between safety climate and injury rates across industries: The need to adjust for injury hazards.” Accid. Anal. Preven. 38 (3): 556–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.11.013.
Tixier, A. J.-P., M. R. Hallowell, A. Albert, L. van Boven, and B. M. Kleiner. 2014. “Psychological antecedents of risk-taking behavior in construction.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 140 (11): 04014052. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000894.
Umeokafor, N., A. Windapo, and K. Evangelinos. 2019. “Causal inferences of external–contextual domains on complex construction, safety, health and environment regulation.” Saf. Sci. 118 (Oct): 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.033.
WHO (World Health Oraganization). 2020. “COVID-19 situation in Nigeria.” Accessed September 12, 2020. https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/ng.
Xiong, H., Z. Wu, F. Hou, and J. Zhang. 2020. “Which firm-specific characteristics affect the market reaction of Chinese listed companies to the COVID-19 pandemic?” Emerging Markets Finance Trade 56 (10): 2231–2242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1787151.
Ye, X., S. Ren, X. Li, and Z. Wang. 2020. “The mediating role of psychological capital between perceived management commitment and safety behavior.” J. Saf. Res. 72 (Feb): 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.004.
Yusof, N. A., A. A. Tabassi, and M. Esa. 2020. “Going beyond environmental regulations—The influence of firm size on the effect of green practices on corporate financial performance.” Corporate Soc. Responsibility Environ. Manage. 27 (1): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1771.
Zhang, J., C. Xie, J. Wang, A. M. Morrison, and J. A. Coca-Stefaniak. 2020. “Responding to a major global crisis: The effects of hotel safety leadership on employee safety behavior during COVID-19.” Int. J. Contemporary Hospitality Manage. 32 (1): 3365–3389. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0335.
Zohar, D. 2000. “A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs.” J. Appl. Psychol. 85 (4): 587. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 147 • Issue 11 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 6, 2021
Accepted: Aug 19, 2021
Published online: Sep 3, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 3, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Murat Gunduz, Okan Sirin, Hazem M. Al Nawaiseh, Assessment of Critical Project Success Factors for Management of Pavement Construction Using the Delphi Approach, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13849, 150, 4, (2024).
- Felipe Araya, Katia Ogalde, Leonardo Sierra, A Critical Review of Impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Construction Projects: What Have We Learned?, Construction Research Congress 2024, 10.1061/9780784485286.062, (621-631), (2024).
- Samsiya Khaday, Kai-Way Li, Halimoh Dorloh, Factors Affecting Preventive Behaviors for Safety and Health at Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Thai Construction Workers, Healthcare, 10.3390/healthcare11030426, 11, 3, (426), (2023).
- S M Jamil Uddin, Alex Albert, Mahzabin Tamanna, Abdullah Alsharef, YouTube as a source of information: early coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of the construction industry, Construction Management and Economics, 10.1080/01446193.2022.2162096, (1-26), (2023).
- Pinsheng Duan, Yang Miang Goh, Jianliang Zhou, The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on construction safety in China and the U.S.: A comparative study, Safety Science, 10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106076, 161, (106076), (2023).
- Roberta Selleck, Marcus Cattani, Maureen Hassall, How Did COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Safety Performance on a Construction Project? A Case Study Comparing Pre and Post COVID-19 Influence on Safety at an Australian Construction Site, Safety, 10.3390/safety8040077, 8, 4, (77), (2022).
- Huakang Liang, Wenqian Yang, Tianhong Liu, Fan Xia, Demographic Influences on Perceived Stressors of Construction Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10.3390/ijerph19074192, 19, 7, (4192), (2022).
- Frank Quansah, James Boadu Frimpong, Francis Sambah, Prince Oduro, Stephen Kofi Anin, Medina Srem-Sai, John Elvis Hagan, Thomas Schack, COVID-19 Pandemic and Teachers’ Classroom Safety Perception, Anxiety and Coping Strategies during Instructional Delivery, Healthcare, 10.3390/healthcare10050920, 10, 5, (920), (2022).
- Rayan H. Assaad, Islam H. El-adaway, Makarand Hastak, Kim LaScola Needy, The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Catalyst and Accelerator for Offsite Construction Technologies, Journal of Management in Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001091, 38, 6, (2022).
- Bogyeong Lee, Seungjun Ahn, Changbum R. Ahn, Understanding Occupants’ Physical Distancing Behavior for Safer Facility Operation under COVID-19 in the Context of Educational Facilities, Journal of Management in Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001030, 38, 3, (2022).
- See more