Lateral Stability of Vehicles Crossing a Bridge during an Earthquake
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 4
Abstract
During the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, the rollover of a truck crossing the Yokohama Bay cable-stayed bridge was reported. A similar incident was also reported at the viaduct of the Hanshin-Expressway during the 1995 Hanshin (or Kobe) earthquake. Rollover of a vehicle can cause damage to the bridge, injury to the driver, and damage to other vehicles. Moreover, the incident can create hours of blockage of the major traffic line and impede postdisaster relief efforts. Currently, there are very limited studies on the effect of the seismic response on the stability of moving vehicles. This paper presents a general analytical framework for the analysis of the lateral stability of a vehicle crossing a bridge during an earthquake. An equation of motion for a two-axle vehicle under seismic excitation from a bridge girder was developed considering in-plane and out-of-plane vehicle motions and a driver reaction model. Numerical simulations were conducted using three-dimensional finite elements of the Yokohama Bay cable-stayed bridge using ground accelerations recorded during the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake as the inputs. Results of the simulation showed that the significant bridge-deck vibration due to an earthquake reduces the effective normal force on vehicle wheels. To evaluate vehicle stability, two conditions were studied: rollover and lateral-slip stability. Rollover stability defines the critical condition that might lead to a rollover and that is related to zero normal force on the wheels. The lateral-slip stability relates to the lateral force equilibrium between the earthquake-induced lateral force and the slip resistance provided by wheel friction. Case studies and discussions involving different driving responses, such as deceleration, and the driver’s reaction model were provided for both stability conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by a Research Grant and Collaboration from the Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation (Shutoko) of Tokyo, Japan. The first author also gratefully acknowledges the support by JSPS through the Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists (B), 15K18104. Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions mentioned herein.
References
Abaqus 6.10 [Computer software]. Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI.
Abe, M. (2015). Vehicle handling dynamics: Theory and application, 2nd Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K.
Baker, C. J. (1986). “A simplified analysis of various types of wind-induced road vehicle accidents.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 22(1), 69–85.
Baker, C. J. (1994). “The quantification of accident risk for road vehicles in cross winds.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 52(May), 93–107.
Baker, C. J., and Reynolds, S. (1992). “Wind-induced accidents of road vehicles.” Accid. Anal. Prev., 24(6), 559–575.
Cai, C. S., and Chen, S. R. (2004). “Framework of vehicle–bridge–wind dynamic analysis.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92(Jun), 579–607.
Cebon, D. (1999). Handbook of vehicle road interaction, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, Netherlands.
Charuvisit, S., Kimura, K., and Fujino, Y. (2004). “Effects of wind barrier on a vehicle passing in the wake of a bridge tower in cross wind and its response.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92(Jun), 609–639.
Chen, F., and Chen, S. (2011). “Reliability-based assessment of vehicle safety in adverse driving conditions.” Transp. Res. C Emerging Tech., 19(1), 156–168.
Chen, S., and Chen, F. (2010). “Simulation-based assessment of vehicle safety behavior under hazardous driving conditions.” J. Transp. Eng., 304–315.
Chen, S. R., and Cai, C. S. (2004). “Accident assessment of vehicles on long-span bridges in windy environments.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92(12), 991–1024.
Gillespie, T. D. (1992). Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
Kawashima, K., Sugita, H., and Kanoh, T. (1989). “Effect of earthquake on driving of vehicle based on questionnaire survey.” Struct. Eng. Earthquake Eng., 6(2), 405–412.
Kim, C.-W., and Kawatani, M. (2006). “Effect of train dynamics on seismic response of steel monorail bridges under moderate ground motion.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(10), 1225–1245.
Maruyama, Y., and Yamazaki, F. (2002). “Seismic response analysis on the stability of running vehicles.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(11), 1915–1932.
Maruyama, Y., and Yamazaki, F. (2004). “Fundamental study on the response characteristics of drivers during an earthquake based on driving simulator experiments.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 33(6), 775–792.
Maruyama, Y., and Yamazaki, F. (2006). “Relationship between seismic intensity and driver’s reaction in the 2003 Miyagiken-oki Earthquake.” Struct. Eng. Earthquake Eng., 23(1), 69–74.
MPEC (Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation). (1991). “The Yokohama Bay Bridge.” MPEC, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Siringoringo, D. M., and Fujino, Y. (2012). “Estimating bridge fundamental frequency from vibration response of instrumented passing vehicle: Analytical and experimental study.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 15(3), 417–433.
Siringoringo, D. M., Fujino, Y., and Namikawa, K. (2014). “Seismic response analyses of the Yokohama Bay cable-stayed bridge in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.” J. Bridge Eng., A4014006.
Wibowo, H., Sanford, D. M., Buckle, I. G., and Sanders, D. H. (2012). “Effects of live load on seismic response of bridges: A preliminary study.” Civ. Eng. Dimension, 14(3), 166–172.
Winkler, C. B., and Ervin, R. D. (1999). “Rollover of heavy commercial vehicles.” UMTRI-99-19, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Yoshimoto, K. (1969). “Simulation of man-automobile systems by the driver’s steering model with predictability.” Bull. JSME, 12(51), 495–500.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 4 • April 2018
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 7, 2016
Accepted: Oct 3, 2017
Published online: Feb 2, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jul 2, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.