Analysis of an Orthotropic Deck Stiffened with a Cement-Based Overlay
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 12, Issue 3
Abstract
Over the past years, with increasing traffic volumes and higher wheel loads, fatigue damage in steel parts of typical orthotropic steel bridge decks has been experienced on heavily trafficked routes. A demand exists to find a durable system to increase the fatigue safety of orthotropic steel bridge decks. A solution might be to enhance the stiffness of the traditional orthotropic bridge deck by using a cement-based overlay. In this paper, an orthotropic steel bridge deck stiffened with a cement-based overlay is analyzed. The analysis is based on nonlinear fracture mechanics, and utilizes the finite-element method. The stiffness of the steel deck reinforced with an overlay depends highly on the composite action. The composite action is closely related to cracking of the overlay and interfacial cracking between the overlay and underlying steel plate (debonding). As an example, a real size structure, the Farø bridges located in Denmark, are analyzed. The steel box girders of the Farø bridges spans , and have a depth of , and a width of . The focus of the present study is the top part of the steel box girders, which is constructed as an orthotropic deck plate. Numerous factors can influence the cracking behavior of the cement-based overlay system. Both mechanical and environmental loading have to be considered, and effects such as shrinkage, temperature gradients, and traffic loading are taken into account. The performance of four overlay materials are investigated in terms of crack widths. Furthermore, the analysis shows that debonding is initiated for a certain crack width in the overlay. The load level where cracking and debonding is initiated depends on the stress-crack opening relationship of the material.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Battista, R., and Pfeil, M. (2000). “Stranghening fatigue cracked orthotropic decks with composite layers.” Proc., Annual Technical Session and Meeting, Structural Stability Research Council, 376–389.
Bažant, Z. P. (1988). Mathematical modeling of creep and shrinkage of concrete, Wiley, New York.
Bažant, Z. P., and Oh, B. H. (1983). “Crack band theory for fracture of concrete.” Mater. Constr. (Paris), 16, 155–157.
Buitelaar, P. (2002). “Ultra thin heavy reinforced high performance concrete overlays.” Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on Utilization of High Strength/High Performance Concrete, 1577–1590.
Buitelaar, P., Braam, C. R., and Kaptaijn, N. (2003). “Reinforced high performance concrete overlay system for steel bridges.” Proc., 5th Int. CROW-Workshop, on Fundamental Modelling of the Design and Performance of Concrete Pavements.
Buitelaar, P., Braam, R., and Kaptijn, N. (2004). “Reinforced high performance concrete overlay system for rehabilitation and strengthening of orthotropic steel bridge decks.” Proc., Orthotropic Bridge Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 384–401.
Danish Ministry of Transportation. (1987). “The superstructure of the Farø bridges. 1: Design of the steel superstructure.” The Road Directorate, Danish Ministry of Transportation.
DIANA. (2003). DIANA user’s manual—Release 8.1, TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands.
Dowling, P. J. (1968). “The behaviour of stiffened plate bridge deck under wheel loading.” Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College, London.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (1991). “Basis of design and actions on structures, part 3.” Eurocode 1, Brussels.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (1997). Actions on structures, parts 1–5, Eurocode 1, Brussels.
Hillerborg, A., Modéer, M., and Petersson, P. (1976). “Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite-elements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 6(6), 773–782.
Jensen, O. M., and Hansen, P. F. (2001). “Autogenous shrinkage and RH-change in perspective.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31(12), 567–575.
Jong, F. B. P., and Kolstein, M. H. (2004). “Strenghening a bridge deck with high performance concrete.” Proc., Orthotropic Bridge Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 328–347.
Jong, F. B. P., Kolstein, M. H., and Bijlaard, F. S. K. (2004). “Strain measurement tests at orthotropic steel bridge decks with a heavy vehicle simulator.” Proc., 10th Nordic Steel Construction Conf., 401–412.
Karihaloo, B. L. (1995). Fracture mechanics and structural concrete, Concrete Design and Construction Series, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex, England.
Kolstein, M. H., and Wardenier, J. (1997). “Stress reduction due to surfacing on orthotropic steel deck.” IABSE Workshop, IABSE Reports, Vol. 76, Zurich.
Kolstein, M. H., and Wardenier, J. (1998). “A new type of fatigue failures in steel orthotropic bridge decks.” Proc., 5th Pacific Structural Conf., 483–488.
Li, V. (2002). “Advances in ECC research.” ACI special publication on concrete: Material science to applications, SP 206(23), 463–472.
Li, V., Wu, C., Wang, S., Ogawa, A., and Saito, T. (2002). “Interface tailoring for strainer-hardening PVA-ECC.” ACI Mater. J., 99(5), 373–400.
Li, V. C., and Leung, C. K. Y. (1992). “Steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites.” J. Eng. Mech., 118(11), 2246–2264.
Matsumoto, T., and Li, V. C. (1999). “Fatigue life analysis of fiber reinforced concrete with a fracture mechanics based model.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 21(4), 249–261.
Østergaard, L. (2003). “Early-age fracture mechanics and cracking of concrete: Experiments and modeling.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
RILEM. (2001). “Test and design methods for steel fiber reinforced concrete: Recommendations for uniaxial tension test.” Mater. Struct., 34(235), 3–6.
Schiessl, A., and Zilch, K. (2001). “The effect of the modified composition of SCC on shear and bond behavior.” Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on Self-Compacting Concrete, 501–506.
Serrano, E. (2000). “Adhesive joints in timber engineering—Modeling and testing of fracture properties.” Ph.D. thesis, Lund Univ., Division of Structural Mechanics.
Smith, J. W., and Bright, S. (2003). “Upgrading orthotropic bridge decks with fiber reinforced composites.” High Performance Materials in Bridges, 463–472.
Tazawa, E., Sato, R., Sakai, E., and Miyazawa, S. (2000). “Work of JCI committee on autogenous shrinkage.” Proc., Shrinkage of Concrete, Int. RILEM Workshop, V. Baroghel-Bouny and P. C. Aitcin, eds., Vol. PRO 17.
Walter, R., and Olesen, J. F. (2005). “Cohesive mixed mode fracture modeling and experiments.” J. Eng. Fracture Mech., accepted for publication.
Walter, R., Olesen, J. F., Li, V. C., and Stang, H. (2004). “Cement-based overlay in negative bending.” Paper submitted for publication (included in Ph.D. thesis by R. Walter).
Walter, R., Østergaard, L., Olesen, J. F., and Stang, H. (2005). “Wedge splitting test for a steel-concrete interface.” J. Eng. Fracture Mech., 72(17), 2565–2583.
Walter, R., Stang, H., Olesen, J. F., and Gimsing, N. J. (2003). “Debonding of FRC composite bridge deck overlay.” Brittle Matrix Composites BMC7, Warsaw, Poland, 191–200.
Wernersson, H. (1994). “Fracture characterization of wood adhesive joints.” Rep. TVSM-1006, Lund Univ., Division of Structural Mechanics.
Wolchuk, R. (2002). “Structural behaviour of surfacing on steel ortholopic decks and considerations for practical design.” Struct. Eng. Int. (IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland) 2, 124–129.
Zhang, J., Stang, H., and Li, V. C. (2001). “Crack bridging model for fibre reinforced concrete under fatigue tension.” Int. J. Fatigue, 23(8), 655–670.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 3, 2005
Accepted: Jan 17, 2006
Published online: May 1, 2007
Published in print: May 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.