REWET: A Tool to Model System Functioning and Restoration of Damaged Water Supply Systems
Publication: Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 30, Issue 4
Abstract
The process of restoring water supply after service is interrupted is critical for determining the durations and spatial distribution of outages and thus the impacts that households, businesses, and others ultimately experience. Nevertheless, the restoration period is difficult to predict because it involves complex, dynamic interactions among the system hydraulics, operator restoration actions, and consumer adaptations to service interruptions. In this paper, we introduce a new computer model called Restoration of Water after an Event Tool (REWET) that (1) allows detailed representations of both the hydraulic operations of the system and the restoration process, (2) is flexible enough to apply to any system or disruptive event, enable varying levels of complexity, and allow deterministic or probabilistic analysis, and (3) is available as free, easy-to-use, open-source code. It uses pressure-demand driven hydraulic analysis and allows detailed discrete event simulation representation of the restoration process. We present case study applications of REWET for the Los Angeles water system and for a small, simple network to illustrate the tool’s functionality, flexibility, and key features.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data used during the study are available in a repository online in accordance with funder data retention policies. The code used in this study is available on REWET’s Zenodo repository (Naeimi Dafchahi 2024).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the National Science Foundation for financial support of this research under Award No. CMMI-1735483, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) for providing the water system information. The statements, findings, and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF or LADWP. This research was also supported in part through the use of high-performance computing resources at the University of Delaware.
References
ALA (American Lifelines Alliance). 2001. Seismic fragility formulations for water systems. Washington, DC: ALA.
Antonowicz, A., and A. Urbaniak. 2022. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical sciences. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Academy of Sciences.
Bellagamba, X., B. A. Bradley, L. M. Wotherspoon, and W. D. Lagrava. 2019. “A decision-support algorithm for post-earthquake water services recovery and its application to the 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 Christchurch earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra 35 (3): 1397–1420. https://doi.org/10.1193/052218EQS119M.
Blokker, M., C. Di Cristo, A. Gentile, R. Gargano, K. van Laarhoven, A. Leopardi, C. Quintiliani, and I. Vertommen. 2020. “Optimal valve operation for restoring functionality of WDN during critical events.” In Proc., 4th EWaS Int. Conf.: Valuing the Water, Carbon, Ecological Footprints of Human Activities, 32. Basel, Switzerland: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Bouziou, D., and T. D. O’Rourke. 2017. “Response of the Christchurch water distribution system to the 22 February 2011 earthquake.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 97 (Jun): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.035.
Brink, S. A., R. A. Davidson, and T. H. P. Tabucchi. 2012. “Strategies to reduce durations of post-earthquake water service interruptions in Los Angeles.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 8 (2): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470903517975.
Choi, J., and D. Kang. 2020. “Improved hydraulic simulation of valve layout effects on post-earthquake restoration of a water distribution network.” Sustainability 12 (8): 3492. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083492.
Davis, C. A. 2014. “Water system service categories, post-earthquake interaction, and restoration strategies.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (4): 1487–1509. https://doi.org/10.1193/022912EQS058M.
Davis, C. A. 2021. “Understanding functionality and operability for infrastructure system resilience.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 22 (1): 06020005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000431.
Davis, C. A., T. D. O’Rourke, M. L. Adams, and M. A. Rho. 2012. “Case study: Los Angeles water services restoration following the 1994 Northridge earthquake.” In Proc., 15th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 10. Tokyo: International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Didier, M., M. Broccardo, S. Esposito, and B. Stojadinovic. 2018. “A compositional demand/supply framework to quantify the resilience of civil infrastructure systems (Re-CoDeS).” Sustainable Resilient Infrastruct. 3 (2): 86–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1364560.
González, A. D., L. Dueñas-Osorio, M. Sánchez-Silva, and A. L. Medaglia. 2016. “The interdependent network design problem for infrastructure restoration.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 31 (5): 334–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12171.
Han, Z., D. Ma, B. Hou, and W. Wang. 2020. “Seismic resilience enhancement of urban water distribution system using restoration priority of pipeline damages.” Sustainability 12 (3): 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030914.
He, X., and E. J. Cha. 2018. “Modeling the damage and recovery of interdependent critical infrastructure systems from natural hazards.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 177 (Sep): 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.04.029.
Healy, J., R. Fausset, and J. Dobbins. 2021. “Cracked pipes, frozen wells, offline treatment plants: A Texan water crisis.” N.Y. Times, February 19, 2021.
Jacobson, A., and M. Grigoriu. 2008. Fragility analysis of water supply systems. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo.
Kammouh, O., G. P. Cimellaro, and S. A. Mahin. 2018. “Downtime estimation and analysis of lifelines after an earthquake.” Eng. Struct. 173 (Oct): 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.093.
Karaferi, E. D., V. E. Melissianos, and D. Vamvatsikos. 2022. “Simplified seismic risk assessment for the water supply network of Rhodes, Greece.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Natural Hazards & Infrastructure, 10. Athens, Greece: National Technical Univ. of Athens.
Klise, K. A., M. Bynum, D. Moriarty, and R. Murray. 2017. “A software framework for assessing the resilience of drinking water systems to disasters with an example earthquake case study.” Environ. Modell. Software 95 (Sep): 420–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.022.
Laucelli, D., L. Berardi, and O. Giustolisi. 2012. “Assessing climate change and asset deterioration impacts on water distribution networks: Demand-driven or pressure-driven network modeling?” Environ. Modell. Software 37 (Nov): 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.04.004.
Liu, W., Z. Song, M. Ouyang, and J. Li. 2020. “Recovery-based seismic resilience enhancement strategies of water distribution networks.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 203 (Nov): 107088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107088.
Mani, A., M. Tabesh, and M. R. Zolfaghari. 2013. “Hydraulic performance of post-earthquake water distribution networks based on head driven simulation method.” Water Supply 13 (5): 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.141.
Markov, I., M. Grigoriu, and T. O’Rourke. 1994. An evaluation of seismic serviceability of water supply networks with application to the San Francisco auxiliary water supply system. Buffalo, NY: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Martell, M., S. B. Miles, and Y. Choe. 2021. “Review of empirical quantitative data use in lifeline infrastructure restoration modeling.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 22 (4): 03121001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000514.
McKenna, F., S. Gavrilovic, J. Zhao, K. Zhong, A. Zsarnoczay, B. Cetiner, S. Yi, A. B. Satish, S. Naeimi, and P. Arduino. 2024. “NHERI-SimCenter/R2DTool: Version 4.2.0.” Zenodo. Accessed June 2, 2024. https://zenodo.org/records/11175489.
McReynolds, L., and R. L. Simmons. 1995. “LA’s rehearsal for the big one.” J. Am. Water Works Assn. 87 (5): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06363.x.
Miles, S. B., H. V. Burton, and H. Kang. 2019. “Community of practice for modeling disaster recovery.” Nat. Hazard. Rev. 20 (1): 04018023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000313.
Monsalve, M., and J. C. de la Llera. 2019. “Data-driven estimation of interdependencies and restoration of infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 181 (Jan): 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.10.005.
Naeimi Dafchahi, S. 2024. “snaeimi/REWET.” Accessed June 4, 2024. https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11479526.
Naeimi Dafchahi, S. 2023. “Post-event restoration simulation of water distribution systems: A generally applicable approach.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, Univ. of Delaware.
Nayak, M. A., and M. A. Turnquist. 2016. “Optimal recovery from disruptions in water distribution networks.” Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 31 (8): 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12200.
Nurre, S. G., B. Cavdaroglu, J. E. Mitchell, T. C. Sharkey, and W. A. Wallace. 2012. “Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 223 (3): 794–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.07.010.
Ouyang, M. 2014. “Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 121 (Jan): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.06.040.
Paez, D., et al. 2020. “Battle of postdisaster response and restoration.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 146 (8): 04020067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001239.
Pathirana, A. 2012. “EPANET2 desktop application for pressure driven demand modeling.” In Water distribution systems analysis 2010, 65–74. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Rojas, R. 2022. “Mississippi’s capital loses water as a troubled system faces a fresh crisis.” New York Times, August 30, 2022.
Rossman, L. A. 2000. EPANET 2 users manual. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Rossman, L. A., H. Woo, M. Tryby, F. Shang, R. Janke, and H. Terranna. 2020. EPANET 2.2 user manual. Washington, DC: Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, USEPA.
Shi, P., and T. D. O’Rourke. 2008. Seismic response modeling of water supply systems, 352. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo.
Soleimani, N., R. A. Davidson, C. Davis, T. D. O’Rourke, and L. K. Nozick. 2022. Selection of multihazard-based damage scenarios for the Los Angeles water transmission network, 299–309. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Tabesh, M., M. Moshtaghi, and A. Shirzad. 2020. “Risk analysis and management of water distribution networks due to probable earthquake.” Iran J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 44 (2): 723–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00262-2.
Tabucchi, T. H. P., R. Davidson, and S. Brink. 2010. “Simulation of post-earthquake water supply system restoration.” Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst. 27 (4): 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286600902862615.
Todini, E., and S. Pilati. 1988. “A gradient method for the solution of looped pipe networks.” In A gradient method for the solution of looped pipe networks, 1–20. New York: Wiley.
Tomar, A., H. V. Burton, A. Mosleh, and J. Yun Lee. 2020. “Hindcasting the functional loss and restoration of the Napa water system following the 2014 earthquake using discrete-event simulation.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 26 (4): 04020035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000574.
Wagner, J. M., U. Shamir, and D. H. Marks. 1988. “Water distribution reliability: Simulation methods.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 114 (3): 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1988)114:3(276).
Wang, Y., and T. D. O’Rourke. 2008. Seismic performance evaluation of water supply systems, 398. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Univ. at Buffalo.
Yoo, D. G., D. Jung, D. Kang, J. H. Kim, and K. Lansey. 2016. “Seismic hazard assessment model for urban water supply networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 142 (2): 04015055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000584.
Yoon, S., L. Young-Joo, and J. Hyung-Jo. 2021. “Flow-based seismic resilience assessment of urban water transmission networks.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 79 (4): 517–529. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2021.79.4.517.
Zorn, C. R., and A. Y. Shamseldin. 2015. “Post-disaster infrastructure restoration: A comparison of events for future planning.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 13 (Sep): 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.04.004.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • December 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 11, 2023
Accepted: Jun 28, 2024
Published online: Sep 14, 2024
Published in print: Dec 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Feb 14, 2025
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.