Assessment Methods of Network Resilience for Cyber-Human-Physical Systems
Publication: ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 1
Abstract
Cyber-human-physical systems are deeply intertwined systems of physical components, cyber components, and human activities. Cyber components provide communication and control to the physical systems. In addition, human activities can affect or be affected by the behaviors of cyber and physical components. Modern critical infrastructures are a perfect example of such systems. Specifically, physical infrastructures (e.g., power grid, transportation) rely heavily on cyber infrastructures [e.g., supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system] for control and monitoring. Also, humans interact with critical infrastructures in a complex way such that the resilience of critical infrastructures can be heavily affected by human activities. Indeed, critical infrastructures can suffer as a result of both large-scale events such as natural disasters and all kinds of other types of events such as cyber attacks and human operational errors. Therefore, the modeling and analysis of such complex systems are desirable. Such complex systems and their behavior can be modeled appropriately by networks for the purpose of assessing their key attributes, such as resilience. This paper provides an in-depth review of the network modeling and analysis approaches for cyber-human-physical systems. The focus of this paper is critical infrastructures, while the reviewed approaches can also be applied in other application domains.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abdalla, R., C. V. Tao, Q. Cheng, and J. Li. 2007. “A network-centric modeling approach for infrastructure interdependency.” Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 73 (6): 681–690. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.73.6.681.
Adey, P., B. Anderson, and S. Graham. 2015. “Introduction: Governing emergencies: Beyond exceptionality.” Theory Culture Soc. 32 (2): 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276414565719.
Agency, F. E. M. 2013. Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey and New York: Building performance observations, recommendations, and technical guidance. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Ahuja, R. K. 2017. Network flows: Theory, algorithms, and applications. London: Pearson Education.
Albert, R., H. Jeong, and A.-L. Barabási. 2000. “Error and attack tolerance of complex networks.” Nature 406 (6794): 378. https://doi.org/10.1038/35019019.
Alger, M., E. Wilson, T. Gould, R. Whittaker, and N. Radulovic. 2004. Real-time traffic monitoring using mobile phone data. Technical Rep. The Connection, Newbury: Vodafone Pilotentwicklung GmbH.
Amin, S., X. Litrico, S. Sastry, and A. M. Bayen. 2013. “Cyber security of water SCADA systems. I: Analysis and experimentation of stealthy deception attacks.” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 21 (5): 1963–1970. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2012.2211873.
Amoore, L. 2013. The politics of possibility: Risk and security beyond probability. London: Duke University Press.
ASCE. 2006. “ASCE policy statement 518.” Accessed September 5, 2019. https://www.asce.org/issues-and-advocacy/public-policy/policy-statement-518—unified-definitions-for-critical-infrastructure-resilience/.
Auerswald, P., L. M. Branscomb, T. M. La Porte, and E. Michel-Kerjan. 2005. “The challenge of protecting critical infrastructure.” Issues Sci. Technol. 22 (1): 77–83.
Ayyub, B. M. 2001. Elicitation of expert opinions for uncertainty and risks. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ayyub, B. M. 2014a. Risk analysis in engineering and economics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ayyub, B. M. 2014b. “Systems resilience for multihazard environments: Definition, metrics, and valuation for decision making.” Risk Anal. 34 (2): 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12093.
Ayyub, B. M. 2015. “Practical resilience metrics for planning, design, and decision making.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 1 (3): 04015008. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000826.
Ayyub, B. M., J. Foster, and W. L. McGill. 2009a. “Risk analysis of a protected hurricane-prone region. I: Model development.” Nat. Hazards Rev. 10 (2): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2009)10:2(38).
Ayyub, B. M., J. Foster, W. L. McGill, and H. W. Jones. 2009b. “Risk analysis of a protected hurricane-prone region. II: Computations and illustrations.” Nat. Hazards Rev. 10 (2): 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2009)10:2(54).
Banerjee, J., A. Das, and A. Sen. 2017. “A survey of interdependency models for critical infrastructure networks.” Preprint, submitted February 7, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.05407.
Barker, A. M., E. B. Freer, O. A. Omitaomu, S. J. Fernandez, S. Chinthavali, and J. B. Kodysh. 2013. “Automating natural disaster impact analysis: An open resource to visually estimate a hurricane’s impact on the electric grid.” In Proc., Southeastcon, 1–3. New York: IEEE.
Barnes, J., and K. Newbold. 2005. “Humans as a critical infrastructure: Public-private partnerships essential to resiliency and response.” In Proc., 1st Int. Workshop on Critical Infrastructure Protection. New York: IEEE.
Barrett, C., R. Beckman, K. Channakeshava, F. Huang, V. A. Kumar, A. Marathe, M. V. Marathe, and G. Pei. 2010. “Cascading failures in multiple infrastructures: From transportation to communication network.” In Proc., 2010 5th Int. Conf. on Critical Infrastructure, 1–8. New York: IEEE.
Boccaletti, S., G. Bianconi, R. Criado, C. I. Del Genio, J. Gómez-Gardenes, M. Romance, I. Sendina-Nadal, Z. Wang, and M. Zanin. 2014. “The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks.” Phys. Rep. 544 (1): 1–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001.
Bocchini, P., and D. M. Frangopol. 2012. “Restoration of bridge networks after an earthquake: Multicriteria intervention optimization.” Earthquake Spectra 28 (2): 426–455. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000019.
Borge-Holthoefer, J., R. A. Baños, S. González-Bailón, and Y. Moreno. 2013. “Cascading behaviour in complex socio-technical networks.” J. Complex Networks 1 (1): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnt006.
Boyer, S. A. 2009. SCADA: Supervisory control and data acquisition. Durham, NC: International Society of Automation.
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. Tierney, W. A. Wallace, and D. Von Winterfeldt. 2003. “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra 19 (4): 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497.
Bruneau, M., A. Filiatrault, G. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, and K. J. Tierney. 2006. White paper on the SDR grand challenges for disaster reduction. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Buldyrev, S. V., R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley, and S. Havlin. 2010. “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks.” Nature 464 (7291): 1025–1028. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08932.
Buldyrev, S. V., N. W. Shere, and G. A. Cwilich. 2011a. “Interdependent networks with identical degree of mutually dependent nodes.” Phys. Rev. 83 (1): 016112. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.016112.
Buldyrev, S. V., N. W. Shere, and G. A. Cwilich. 2011b. “Interdependent networks with identical degrees of mutually dependent nodes.” Phys. Rev. E 83 (1): 016112. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.016112.
Callon, M., and O. Blackwell. 2007. “Actor-network theory.” In The politics of interventions, 273–286. Oslo, Norway: Unipub, Oslo Academic Press.
Chang, S. E., T. McDaniels, J. Fox, R. Dhariwal, and H. Longstaff. 2014. “Toward disaster-resilient cities: Characterizing resilience of infrastructure systems with expert judgments.” Risk Anal. 34 (3): 416–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12133.
Chen, L., X. Xu, S. Lee, S. Duan, A. G. Tarditi, S. Chinthavali, and B. A. Prakash. 2017a. “Hotspots: Failure cascades on heterogeneous critical infrastructure networks.” In Proc., 2017 ACM on Conf. on Information and Knowledge Management, 1599–1607. New York: ACM.
Chen, P., C. Scown, H. S. Matthews, J. H. Garrett Jr, and C. Hendrickson. 2009a. “Managing critical infrastructure interdependence through economic input-output methods.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 15 (3): 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2009)15:3(200).
Chen, S., Y. Di, S. Liu, and B. Wang. 2017b. “Modelling and analysis on emergency evacuation from metro stations.” Math. Prob. Eng. 2017: 11.
Chen, W., C. Wang, and Y. Wang. 2010. “Scalable influence maximization for prevalent viral marketing in large-scale social networks.” In Proc., 16th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 1029–1038. New York: ACM.
Chen, W., Y. Wang, and S. Yang. 2009b. “Efficient influence maximization in social networks.” In Proc., 15th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 199–208. New York: ACM.
Chen, Y., Y. Cai, P. Li, and G. Zhang. 2015. “Study on evacuation evaluation in subway fire based on pedestrian simulation technology.” Math. Prob. Eng. 2015: 9.
Chien, E., L. OMurchu, and N. Falliere. 2011. “W32.duqu—The precursor to the next Stuxnet.” Accessed September 5, 2019. https://www.symantec.com/connect/w32_duqu_precursor_next_stuxnet.
Choo, S., and P. L. Mokhtarian. 2007. “Telecommunications and travel demand and supply: Aggregate structural equation models for the US.” Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 41 (1): 4–18.
Clark, S. S., and T. P. Seager. 2017. A human-centered approach to the prioritization of critical infrastructure resilience. Fairfax, VA: George Mason Univ.
Cowie, J. H., A. T. Ogielsk, B. Premore, E. A. Smith, and T. Underwood. 2003. Impact of the 2003 blackouts on Internet communications. Technical Rep. Manchester, NH: Renesys Corporation.
Cresswell, T. 2010. “Towards a politics of mobility.” Environ. Plann. D: Soc. Space 28 (1): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1068/d11407.
Cutter, S. L., et al. 2013. “Disaster resilience: A national imperative.” Environ.: Sci. Policy Sustainable Dev. 55 (2): 25–29.
Danziger, M. M., A. Bashan, Y. Berezin, L. M. Shekhtman, and S. Havlin. 2014. “An introduction to interdependent networks.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems, 189–202. NewYork: Springer.
Denis, J., and D. Pontille. 2014. “Maintenance work and the performativity of urban inscriptions: The case of Paris subway signs.” Environ. Plann. D: Soc. Space 32 (3): 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1068/d13007p.
Department of Homeland Security. 2018. “What is critical infrastructure.” Accessed September 5, 2019. https://www.dhs.gov/what-critical-infrastructure.
Derrible, S., and C. Kennedy. 2009. “Network analysis of world subway systems using updated graph theory.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2112 (1): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.3141/2112-03.
Derrible, S., and C. Kennedy. 2010. “The complexity and robustness of metro networks.” Physica A 389 (17): 3678–3691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.04.008.
DHS Risk Steering Committee. 2008. DHS risk lexicon. Washington, DC: DHS.
Dickison, M., S. Havlin, and H. E. Stanley. 2012. “Epidemics on interconnected networks.” Phys. Rev. E 85 (6): 066109. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.85.066109.
Duan, S., S. Lee, S. Chinthavali, and M. Shankar. 2016. “Reliable communication models in interdependent critical infrastructure networks.” In Resilience Week (RWS), 152–157. New York: IEEE.
Duan, S., S. Lee, S. Chinthavali, and M. Shankar. 2017a. “Best effort broadcast under cascading failures in interdependent networks.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN), 27. New York: ACM.
Duan, S., S. Lee, S. Chinthavali, and M. Shankar. 2018. “Best effort broadcast under cascading failures in interdependent critical infrastructure networks.” Pervasive Mob. Comput. 43 (Jan): 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2017.12.006.
Duan, Z., Z. Lei, M. Zhang, W. Li, J. Fang, and J. Li. 2017b. “Understanding evacuation and impact of a metro collision on ridership using large-scale mobile phone data.” IET Intel. Transp. Syst. 11 (8): 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2016.0112.
Dudenhoeffer, D. D., M. R. Permann, and M. Manic. 2006. “Cims: A framework for infrastructure interdependency modeling and analysis.” In Proc., 38th Conf. on Winter Simulation, Winter Simulation Conf., 478–485. New York: ACM.
Duggan, P. 2014. “Computer-driven trains returning to metro’s red line five years after deadly rail crash.” Accessed September 5, 2019. https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/358136/citing-an-online-news-article-using-biblatex.
Dwiartama, A., and C. Rosin. 2014. “Exploring agency beyond humans: The compatibility of actor-network theory (ANT) and resilience thinking.” Ecol. Soc. 19 (3): 28. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06805-190328.
Ebrahimy, R. 2014. “Investigating SCADA failures in interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Preprint, submitted April 30, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.7565.
Eldosouky, A., W. Saad, and N. Mandayam. 2017. “Resilient critical infrastructure: Bayesian network analysis and contract-based optimization.” Preprint, submitted August 30, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00303.
Ernstson, H. 2008a. “In Rhizomia: Actors, networks and resilience in urban landscapes.” Ph.D. thesis, Natural Resources Management, Systemekologiska institutionen.
Ernstson, H. 2008b. “The social production of ecosystem services: Lessons from urban resilience research.” Ph.D. thesis, Natural Resources Management, Stockholm Univ.
Ernstson, H. 2013. “The social production of ecosystem services: A framework for studying environmental justice and ecological complexity in urbanized landscapes.” Landscape Urban Plann. 109 (1): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.005.
Ernstson, H., S. Sörlin, and T. Elmqvist. 2008. “Social movements and ecosystem services: The role of social network structure in protecting and managing urban green areas in Stockholm.” Ecol. Soc. 13 (2): 39. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02589-130239.
Falliere, N., L. O. Murchu, and E. Chien. 2011. “W32.stuxnet dossier.” Symantec Secur. Response 5 (6): 29.
Farías, I., and T. Bender. 2012. Urban assemblages: How actor-network theory changes urban studies. London: Routledge.
FEMA. 2013. Mitigation assessment team report, hurricane sandy in New Jersey and New York: Building performance observations, recommendations, and technical guidance. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FERC/NERC. 2012. Arizona-southern California outages on September 8, 2011: Causes and recommendations. Washington, DC: FERC/NERC.
F-Secure Labs. 2016. “BLACKENERGY & QUEDAGH: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks.” In Malware Analysis Whitepaper. Helsinki, Finland: F-Secure Labs.
Funk, S., E. Gilad, and V. Jansen. 2010. “Endemic disease, awareness, and local behavioural response.” J. Theor. Biol. 264 (2): 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.032.
Funk, S., E. Gilad, C. Watkins, and V. A. Jansen. 2009. “The spread of awareness and its impact on epidemic outbreaks.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (16): 6872–6877. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810762106.
Gao, J., B. Barzel, and A.-L. Barabási. 2016. “Universal resilience patterns in complex networks.” Nature 530 (7590): 307. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16948.
Gao, J., S. V. Buldyrev, H. E. Stanley, and S. Havlin. 2012. “Networks formed from interdependent networks.” Nat. Phys. 8 (Dec): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2180.
Garcia, L., F. Brasser, M. H. Cintuglu, A.-R. Sadeghi, O. A. Mohammed, and S. A. Zonouz. 2017. “Hey, my malware knows physics! Attacking PLCs with physical model aware rootkit.” In Proc., Network and Distributed System Security Symp., 1–15. Reston, VA: Internet Society.
Gibbons, A. 1985. Algorithmic graph theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gil, E. M., and J. D. McCalley. 2011. “A US energy system model for disruption analysis: Evaluating the effects of 2005 hurricanes.” IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 26 (3): 1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2089810.
Gilbert, S., and B. M. Ayyub. 2016. “Models for the economics of resilience.” ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng. 2 (4): 04016003. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000867.
GL Communications. 2008. Newsletter: Centralized supervisory and control systems for mass transit networks. Gaithersburg, MD: GL Communications.
Graham, S., and N. Thrift. 2007. “Out of order: Understanding repair and maintenance.” Theory Culture Soc. 24 (3): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407075954.
Grove, K. 2013. “On resilience politics: From transformation to subversion.” Resilience 1 (2): 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2013.804661.
Guille, A., H. Hacid, C. Favre, and D. A. Zighed. 2013. “Information diffusion in online social networks: A survey.” ACM Sigmod Rec. 42 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/2503792.2503797.
Habib, M. F., M. Tornatore, and B. Mukherjee. 2015. “Cascading-failure-resilient interconnection for interdependent power grid-optical networks.” In Proc., 2015 Optical Fiber Communications Conf. and Exhibition (OFC), 1–3. New York: IEEE.
Hadjsaid, N., M. Viziteu, B. Rozel, R. Caire, J.-C. Sabonnadière, D. Georges, and C. Tranchita. 2010. “Interdependencies of coupled heterogeneous infrastructures: The case of ICT and energy.” In Proc., IDRC Davos 2010, 3rd Int. Disaster and Risk Conf. Lyon, France: HAL Archives.
Harvey, P., and H. Knox. 2015. Roads: An anthropology of infrastructure and expertise. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hasnat, M. M., M. R. Islam, and M. Hadiuzzaman. 2018. “Application of gis for disaster response in dense urban areas: A case study for Dhaka city.” In Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Hawelka, B., I. Sitko, E. Beinat, S. Sobolevsky, P. Kazakopoulos, and C. Ratti. 2014. “Geo-located twitter as proxy for global mobility patterns.” Cartography Geographics Inf. Sci. 41 (3): 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2014.890072.
Henley, E. J., and H. Kumamoto. 1996. Probabilistic risk assessment and management for engineers and scientists. 2nd ed. New York: IEEE Press.
Henry, D., and J. E. Ramirez-Marquez. 2012. “Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 99 (Mar): 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.09.002.
Holling, C. S. 1973. “Resilience and stability of ecological systems.” Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
Holmgren, A. J. 2006. “Using graph models to analyze the vulnerability of electric power networks.” Risk Anal. 26 (4): 955–969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00791.x.
Hosseini, S., K. Barker, and J. E. Ramirez-Marquez. 2016. “A review of definitions and measures of system resilience.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 145 (Jan): 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006.
Howe, C., et al. 2016. “Paradoxical infrastructures: Ruins, retrofit, and risk.” Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 41 (3): 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915620017.
Huang, J., T. Xiao, Z. Sheng, and G. Chen. 2007. “Modeling an evolving complex supply network.” J. Syst. Sci. Inf. 5 (4): 327–338.
Huang, X., S. Shao, H. Wang, S. V. Buldyrev, H. E. Stanley, and S. Havlin. 2013a. “The robustness of interdependent clustered networks.” EPL (Europhys. Lett.) 101 (1): 18002.
Huang, Z., C. Wang, A. Nayak, and I. Stojmenovic. 2015. “Small cluster in cyber physical systems: Network topology, interdependence and cascading failures.” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 26 (8): 2340–2351. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2014.2342740.
Huang, Z., C. Wang, M. Stojmenovic, and A. Nayak. 2013b. “Balancing system survivability and cost of smart grid via modeling cascading failures.” IEEE Trans. Emerging Top. Comput. 1 (1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2013.2273079.
Ibáñez, E., K. Gkritza, J. McCalley, D. Aliprantis, R. Brown, A. Somani, and L. Wang. 2010. “Interdependencies between energy and transportation systems for national long term planning.” In Sustainable and resilient critical infrastructure systems, 53–76. New York: Springer.
Ibáñez, E., S. Lavrenz, K. Gkritza, D. A. Mejia-Giraldo, V. Krishnan, J. D. McCalley, and A. K. Somani. 2016. “Resilience and robustness in long-term planning of the national energy and transportation system.” Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. 12 (1–2): 82–103.
Ibáñez, E., and J. D. McCalley. 2011. “Multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for long-term planning of the national energy and transportation systems.” Energy Syst. 2 (2): 151–169.
Jo, H.-H., S. K. Baek, and H.-T. Moon. 2006. “Immunization dynamics on a two-layer network model.” Physica A 361 (2): 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.06.074.
Johansen, C., and I. Tien. 2018. “Probabilistic multi-scale modeling of interdependencies between critical infrastructure systems for resilience.” Sustainable Resilient Infrastruct. 3 (1): 1–15.
Johnson, C. W. 2007. “Analyzing the causes of the italian and swiss blackout, 28th september 2003.” In Vol. 86 of Proc., 20th Australian Workshop on Safety Critical Systems and Software and Safety-Related Programmable Systems, 21–30. Sydney, Australia: Australian Computer Society.
Karnouskos, S. 2011. “Stuxnet worm impact on industrial cyber-physical system security.” In Proc., 37th Annual Conf. on Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), 4490–4494. New York: IEEE.
Kim, H. M., M. Biehl, and J. A. Buzacott. 2005. “Modeling cyber interdependencies between critical infrastructures.” In Proc., 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 644–648. New York: IEEE.
Kim, Y., Y.-S. Chen, and K. Linderman. 2015. “Supply network disruption and resilience: A network structural perspective.” J. Oper. Manage. 33: 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.10.006.
Kivelä, M., A. Arenas, M. Barthelemy, J. P. Gleeson, Y. Moreno, and M. A. Porter. 2014. “Multilayer networks.” J. Complex Networks 2 (3): 203–271.
Kleinberg, J. 2007. “Computing: The wireless epidemic.” Nature 449 (7160): 287. https://doi.org/10.1038/449287a.
Koc, Y., M. Warnier, R. Kooij, and F. Brazier. 2014. “Structural vulnerability assessment of electric power grids.” In Proc., 11th IEEE Int. Conf. on Networking, Sensing and Control, 386–391. New York: IEEE.
Korkali, M., J. G. Veneman, B. F. Tivnan, J. P. Bagrow, and P. D. Hines. 2017. “Reducing cascading failure risk by increasing infrastructure network interdependence.” Sci. Rep. 7: 44499. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44499.
Krishnan, V., E. Kastrouni, D. Pyrialakou, K. Gkritza, and J. D. McCalley. 2015. “An optimization model of national energy and transportation systems: Application on assessing the impact of high-speed rail on us passenger transportation investment portfolio.” Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 54 (May): 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.03.007.
Kwasinski, A. 2012. Hurricane Sandy effects on communication systems. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Latora, V., and M. Marchiori. 2002. “Is the Boston subway a small-world network?” Physica A 314 (1–4): 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01089-0.
Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, E. E., II, J. E. Mitchell, and W. A. Wallace. 2007. “Restoration of services in interdependent infrastructure systems: A network flows approach.” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C: Appl. Rev. 37 (6): 1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2007.905859.
Lee, E. E., J. E. Mitchell, and W. A. Wallace. 2004. “Assessing vulnerability of proposed designs for interdependent infrastructure systems.” In Proc., 37th Annual Hawaii Int. Conf. on System Sciences. New York: IEEE.
Lee, S., L. Chen, S. Duan, S. Chinthavali, M. Shankar, and B. A. Prakash. 2016a. “URBAN-NET: A network-based infrastructure monitoring and analysis system for emergency management and public safety.” In Proc., 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Big Data (Big Data), 2600–2610. New York: IEEE.
Lee, S., S. Chinthavali, S. Duan, and M. Shankar. 2016b. “Utilizing semantic big data for realizing a national-scale infrastructure vulnerability analysis system.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Semantic Big Data, 3. New York: ACM.
Leskovec, J., D. Chakrabarti, J. Kleinberg, C. Faloutsos, and Z. Ghahramani. 2010. “Kronecker graphs: An approach to modeling networks.” J. Mach. Learn. Res. 11: 985–1042.
Li, W., A. Bashan, S. V. Buldyrev, H. E. Stanley, and S. Havlin. 2011. “Cascading failures in interdependent lattice networks: The critical role of the length of dependency links.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (22): 228702.
Lindsey, R. 2007. “Methods and models in transport and telecommunications: Cross Atlantic perspectives, edited by Aura Reggiani and laurie A. Schintler.” J. Reg. Sci. 47 (2): 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00513_5.x.
Liu, Y., P. Ning, and M. K. Reiter. 2011. “False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids.” Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. 14 (1): 13.
Luque-Ayala, A., and S. Marvin. 2016. “The maintenance of urban circulation: An operational logic of infrastructural control.” Environ. Plann. D: Soc. Space 34 (2): 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775815611422.
Mari, S. I., Y. H. Lee, and M. S. Memon. 2015. “Complex network theory-based approach for designing resilient supply chain networks.” Int. J. Logist. Syst. Manage. 21 (3): 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSM.2015.069733.
Maslow, A. H. 1943. “A theory of human motivation.” Psychol. Rev. 50 (4): 370. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346.
Masys, A. 2016. Disaster management: Enabling resilience. New York: Springer.
Masys, A. J. 2014. “Critical infrastructure and vulnerability: A relational analysis through actor network theory.” In Networks and network analysis for defence and security, 265–280. New York: Springer.
McDaniels, T. L., S. E. Chang, D. Hawkins, G. Chew, and H. Longstaff. 2015. “Towards disaster-resilient cities: An approach for setting priorities in infrastructure mitigation efforts.” Environ. Syst. Decisions 35 (2): 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-015-9544-7.
Medd, W., and S. Marvin. 2005. “From the politics of urgency to the governance of preparedness: A research agenda on urban vulnerability.” J. Contingencies Crisis Manage. 13 (2): 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2005.00455.x.
Menashri, H., and G. Baram. 2015. “Critical infrastructures and their interdependence in a cyber attack—The case of the US.” Mil. Strategic Affairs 7 (1): 99–100.
Min, O. 2014. “Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 121 (Jan): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.06.040.
Modarres, M., M. P. Kaminskiy, and V. Krivtsov. 2016. Reliability engineering and risk analysis: A practical guide. New York: CRC Press.
Moreno, Y., R. Pastor-Satorras, and A. Vespignani. 2002. “Epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous networks.” Eur. Phys. J. B 26 (4): 521–529.
Nan, C., and G. Sansavini. 2017. “A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 157 (Jan): 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.08.013.
Newman, M. E. 2002a. “Assortative mixing in networks.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (20): 208701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.208701.
Newman, M. E. 2002b. “Spread of epidemic disease on networks.” Phys. Rev. E 66 (1): 016128. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016128.
Newman, M. E. 2003. “Mixing patterns in networks.” Phys. Rev. E 67 (2): 026126. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.026126.
Newman, M. E. 2008. “The mathematics of networks.” New Palgrave Encycl. Econ. 2: 1–12.
NRC (National Research Council). 2011. National earthquake resilience: Research, implementation, and outreach. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Pagani, G. A., and M. Aiello. 2013. “The power grid as a complex network: a survey.” Physica A 392 (11): 2688–2700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.01.023.
Parandehgheibi, M., and E. Modiano. 2013. “Robustness of interdependent networks: The case of communication networks and the power grid.” In Proc., 2013 IEEE Global Communications Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2164–2169. New York: IEEE.
Parandehgheibi, M., E. Modiano, and D. Hay. 2014. “Mitigating cascading failures in interdependent power grids and communication networks.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 242–247. New York: IEEE.
Pederson, P., D. Dudenhoeffer, S. Hartley, and M. Permann. 2006. “Critical infrastructure interdependency modeling: A survey of US and international research.” Ida. Natl. Lab. 25: 27.
Perera, S. S., M. Bell, and M. Bliemer. 2015. “Modelling supply chains as complex networks for investigating resilience: An improved methodological framework.” In Vol. 30 of Proc., 37th Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF). Sydney, Australia: Australasian Transport Research Forum Incorporated.
Petit, F., and L. P. Lewis. 2017. “Risk management and business continuity assessment: Importance of considering logical interdependencies.” Crit. Infrastruct. Prot. Rev. 29.
Petit, F., D. Verner, D. Brannegan, W. Buehring, D. Dickinson, K. Guziel, R. Haffenden, J. Phillips, and J. Peerenboom. 2015. Analysis of critical infrastructure dependencies and interdependencies. Argonne, IL: Argonne National Laboratory.
PPD (Presidential Policy Directive). 2011. National preparedness. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Homeland Security.
PPD (Presidential Policy Directive). 2013. Critical infrastructure security and resilience. Washington, DC: White House.
Quelhas, A., E. Gil, J. D. McCalley, and S. M. Ryan. 2007. “A multiperiod generalized network flow model of the US integrated energy system. I: Model description.” IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 22 (2): 829. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2007.894844.
Rinaldi, S. M., J. P. Peerenboom, and T. K. Kelly. 2001. “Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies.” IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 21 (6): 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/37.969131.
Rrushi, J., H. Farhangi, C. Howey, K. Carmichael, and J. Dabell. 2015. “A quantitative evaluation of the target selection of Havex ICS malware plugin.” In Proc., Industrial Control System Security (ICSS) Workshop. New York: ACM.
Salehi, M., R. Sharma, M. Marzolla, M. Magnani, P. Siyari, and D. Montesi. 2015. “Spreading processes in multilayer networks.” IEEE Trans. Network Sci. Eng. 2 (2): 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2015.2425961.
Santos-Reyes, J., D. Padilla-Pérez, and A. N. Beard. 2015. “Modeling critical infrastructure interdependency: The case of the Mexico City metro transport system.” Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.: Int. J. 21 (5): 1428–1444. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.957956.
Satumtira, G., and L. Dueñas-Osorio. 2010. “Synthesis of modeling and simulation methods on critical infrastructure interdependencies research.” In Sustainable and resilient critical infrastructure systems, 1–51. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Schlake, B., C. Barkan, and J. Edwards. 2011. “Train delay and economic impact of in-service failures of railroad rolling stock.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2261: 124–133. https://doi.org/10.3141/2261-14.
Sen, P., S. Dasgupta, A. Chatterjee, P. Sreeram, G. Mukherjee, and S. Manna. 2003. “Small-world properties of the Indian railway network.” Phys. Rev. E 67 (3): 036106. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.036106.
Short, J. R. 2016. “A perfect storm: Climate change, the power grid, and regulatory regime change after network failure.” Environ. Plann. C: Government Policy 34 (2): 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15614185.
Siemens. 2012. Driverless metro system. Munich, Germany: Siemens.
Simone, R. C. 2014. “Cascading failure in critical infrastructure: An actor-network analysis of the 1998 ice storm in Ottawa.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Geography, Carleton Univ.
Singha, M. R., and B. Kalita. 2013. “Mapping mobile phone network onto urban traffic network.” In Proc., Int. Multi Conf. of Engineers and Computer Scientists. Hong Kong: International Association of Engineers.
Sivanandam, S. 2016. “Metro traction control system using PLC and SCADA monitoring.” In Gurukulam Int. J. Innovations Sci. Eng. 1.
Sturaro, A., S. Silvestri, M. Conti, and S. K. Das. 2016. “Towards a realistic model for failure propagation in interdependent networks.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), 1–7. New York: IEEE.
Sun, Y., and H. Song. 2017. Secure and trustworthy transportation cyber-physical systems. Singapore: Springer.
Surana, A., S. Kumara, M. Greaves, and U. N. Raghavan. 2005. “Supply-chain networks: A complex adaptive systems perspective.” Int. J. Prod. Res. 43 (20): 4235–4265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500142274.
Taft, J. D., and A. S. Becker-Dippmann. 2015. The emerging interdependence of the electric power grid & information and communication technology. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Tang, C. S. 2006. “Robust strategies for mitigating supply chain disruptions.” Int. J. Logist.: Res. Appl. 9 (1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560500405584.
Taylor, M. 2017. Vulnerability analysis for transportation networks. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Thadakamaila, H., U. N. Raghavan, S. Kumara, and R. Albert. 2004. “Survivability of multiagent-based supply networks: A topological perspective.” IEEE Intell. Syst. 19 (5): 24–31.
Tien, I., and A. Der Kiureghian. 2016. “Algorithms for Bayesian network modeling and reliability assessment of infrastructure systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 156 (Dec): 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.07.022.
Tien, I., and A. Der Kiureghian. 2017. “Reliability assessment of critical infrastructure using Bayesian networks.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 23 (4): 04017025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000384.
Tong, Y., and I. Tien. 2017. “Algorithms for Bayesian network modeling, inference, and reliability assessment for multistate flow networks.” J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 04017051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000699.
US–Canada Power System Outage Task Force. 2004. Final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and recommendations. Washington, DC: US–Canada Power System Outage Task Force.
Vale, L. J. 2014. “The politics of resilient cities: Whose resilience and whose city?” Build. Res. Inf. 42 (2): 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.850602.
Vertesi, J. 2014. “Seamful spaces: Heterogeneous infrastructures in interaction.” Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 39 (2): 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243913516012.
Vespignani, A. 2010. “Complex networks: The fragility of interdependency.” Nature 464 (7291): 984. https://doi.org/10.1038/464984a.
Wallace, W. A., D. Mendonça, E. Lee, J. Mitchell, and J. Chow. 2001. “Managing disruptions to critical interdependent infrastructures in the context of the 2001 World Trade Center attack.” In Impacts of and Human Response to the September 11, 2001 Disasters: What Research Tells Us. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.
Wang, H., Q. Li, G. D’Agostino, S. Havlin, H. E. Stanley, and P. Van Mieghem. 2013. “Effect of the interconnected network structure on the epidemic threshold.” Phys. Rev. E 88 (2): 022801. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.88.022801.
Wang, P., M. C. González, C. A. Hidalgo, and A.-L. Barabási. 2009. “Understanding the spreading patterns of mobile phone viruses.” Science 324 (5930): 1071–1076. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167053.
Wang, Q., and J. E. Taylor. 2013. “Energy saving information cascades in online social networks: An agent-based simulation study.” In Proc., Simulation Conf. (WSC), 2013 Winter, 3042–3050. New York: IEEE.
Wang, Q., and J. E. Taylor. 2015. “Resilience of human mobility under the influence of typhoons.” Procedia Eng. 118: 942–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.535.
Wang, S., L. Hong, and X. Chen. 2012. “Vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems: A methodological framework.” Physica A 391 (11): 3323–3335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2011.12.043.
Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Vol. 8 of Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Waterfall Security Solutions. 2017. “The top 20 cyber attacks against industrial control systems.” In White Paper. New York: Waterfall Security Solutions.
Watts, D. J., and S. H. Strogatz. 1998. “Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks.” Nature 393 (6684): 440. https://doi.org/10.1038/30918.
West, D. B. 2001. Vol. 2 of Introduction to graph theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Winkler, J., L. Dueňas-Osorio, R. Stein, and D. Subramanian. 2011. “Interface network models for complex urban infrastructure systems.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 17 (4): 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000068.
Yates, J., R. Batta, M. Karwan, and I. Casas. 2012. “Establishing public policy to protect critical infrastructure: Finding a balance between exposure and cost in Los Angeles County.” Transp. Policy 24 (Nov): 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.08.003.
Zhang, D.-M., F. Du, H. Huang, F. Zhang, B. M. Ayyub, and M. Beer. 2018a. “Resiliency assessment of urban rail transit networks: Shanghai metro as an example.” Saf. Sci. 106 (Jul): 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.03.023.
Zhang, P., and S. Peeta. 2011. “A generalized modeling framework to analyze interdependencies among infrastructure systems.” Transp. Res. Part B: Methodol. 45 (3): 553–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2010.10.001.
Zhang, Y. J., H. W. Huang, D. M. Zhang, and B. M. Ayyub. 2018b. “Vulnerability analysis of Shanghai metro network under water level rise.” In Proc., GeoShanghai Int. Conf. New York: Springer.
Zhao, K., A. Kumar, and J. Yen. 2011. “Achieving high robustness in supply distribution networks by rewiring.” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 58 (2): 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2010.2095503.
Zhu, B., A. Joseph, and S. Sastry. 2011. “A taxonomy of cyber attacks on SCADA systems.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Internet of Things (iThings/CPSCom) and the 4th Int. Conf. on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, 380–388. New York: IEEE.
Zhu, W., and J. V. Milanović. 2017. “Interdepedency modeling of cyber-physical systems using a weighted complex network approach.” In Proc., 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 1–6. New York: IEEE.
Zimmerman, R. 2001. “Social implications of infrastructure network interactions.” J. Urban Technol. 8 (3): 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/106307301753430764.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 6 • Issue 1 • March 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Oct 22, 2019
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Mar 22, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.