Flexible Booster Chlorination: Design and Operation for Water Distribution Systems under Uncertainty
Publication: ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 5, Issue 4
Abstract
Uncertainty inherent in the operations of water distribution systems (WDSs) poses risks to public health due to the likely insufficient or excessive disinfectants caused by inevitable changes in WDS operations. A methodology that integrates flexibility in WDS operations and location of booster stations was formulated. The flexibility incorporated into the multiobjective problem facilitates more effective chlorine disinfection of WDSs by (1) minimizing the mass injection rate of both the treatment plant and booster stations and (2) minimizing the risk associated with chlorine disinfection in WDSs. The problem was solved using a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm. The decision variables are the locations of booster stations and the mass injection rates of both the treatment plant and booster stations. The results suggest that flexibility adds value in the chlorine booster disinfection of WDSs compared to deterministic solutions if WDSs are subject to uncertain water supply paths, operational interventions, and water demands.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to the Office of Research and Development at the University of Botswana and the Water Utilities Corporation of Botswana for their support.
References
Al-Zahrani, M. A. 2016. “Optimizing dosage and location of chlorine injection in water supply networks.” Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 41 (10): 4207–4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2167-6.
Basupi, I., and Z. Kapelan. 2014. “Evaluating flexibility in water distribution system design under future demand uncertainty.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 21 (2): 4014034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000199.
Basupi, I., and Z. Kapelan. 2015. “Flexible water distribution system design under future demand uncertainty.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 141 (4): 04014067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000416.
Behzadian, K., M. Alimohammadnejad, A. Ardeshir, F. Jalilsani, and H. Vasheghani. 2012. “A novel approach for water quality management in water distribution systems by multi-objective booster chlorination.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 10 (1): 51–60.
Boccelli, D. L., M. E. Tryby, J. G. Uber, L. A. Rossman, M. L. Zierolf, and M. M. Polycarpou. 1998. “Optimal scheduling of booster disinfection in water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 124 (2): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1998)124:2(99).
Boccelli, D. L., M. E. Tryby, J. G. Uber, and R. S. Summers. 2003. “A reactive species model for chlorine decay and THM formation under rechlorination conditions.” Water Res. 37 (11): 2654–2666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00067-8.
Buurman, J., and V. Babovic. 2017. “Adaptation pathways and real options analysis: An approach to deep uncertainty in climate change adaptation policies.” Policy Soc. 35 (2): 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2016.05.002.
Buurman, J., S. Zhang, and V. Babovic. 2009. “Reducing risk through real options in systems design: The case of architecting a maritime domain protection system.” Risk Anal. 29 (3): 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01160.x.
Central Statistics Office. 2009. “Botswana Water Statistics.” Accessed January 10, 2017. http://www1.eis.gov.bw/EIS/Reports/BotswanaWater_statisticsreport.pdf.
Cunha, M. D. C., and J. J. D. O. Sousa. 2010. “Robust design of water distribution networks for a proactive risk management.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 136 (2): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000029.
Deb, K., S. Agrawal, A. Pratap, and T. Meyarivan. 2002. “A Fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II.” IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6 (2): 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017.
De Neufville, R., and S. Scholtes. 2011. Flexibility in engineering design. London: MIT Press.
De Neufville, R., S. Scholtes, and T. Wang. 2006. “Real options by spreadsheet: Parking garage case example.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 12 (2): 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2006)12:2(107).
Deng, Y., M. A. Cardin, V. Babovic, D. Santhanakrishnan, P. Schmitter, and A. Meshgi. 2013. “Valuing flexibilities in the design of urban water management systems.” Water Res. 47 (20): 7162–7174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.064.
Gersonius, B., T. Morselt, L. Van Nieuwenhuijzen, R. Ashley, and C. Zevenbergen. 2011. “How the failure to account for flexibility in the economic analysis of flood risk and coastal management strategies can result in maladaptive decisions.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 138 (5): 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000142.
Huang, D., K. Vairavamoorthy, and S. Tsegaye. 2010. “Flexible design of urban water distribution networks.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010: Challenges of Change, 4225–4236. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kang, D., and K. Lansey. 2010. “Real-time optimal valve operation and booster disinfection for water quality in water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 136 (4): 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000056.
Kang, D., and K. Lansey. 2012. “Scenario-based multistage construction of water supply infrastructure.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012: Crossing Boundaries, 3265–3274. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kapelan, Z., D. A. Savic, G. A. Walters, and A. V. Babayan. 2006. “Risk and robustness-based solutions to a multi-objective water distribution system rehabilitation problem under uncertainty.” Water Sci. Technol. 53 (1): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.008.
Lansey, K., F. Pasha, S. Pool, W. Elshorbagy, and J. Uber. 2007. “Locating satellite booster disinfectant stations.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 133 (4): 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2007)133:4(372).
Marques, J., M. Cunha, and D. A. Savic. 2015. “Multi-objective optimization of water distribution systems based on a real options approach.” Environ. Modell. Software 63 (Jan): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.014.
Ohar, Z., and A. Ostfeld. 2014. “Optimal design and operation of booster chlorination stations layout in water distribution systems.” Water Res. 58 (Jul): 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.070.
Ostfeld, A., and E. Salomons. 2006. “Conjunctive optimal scheduling of pumping and booster chlorine injections in water distribution systems.” Eng. Optim. 38 (3): 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/03052150500478007.
Ozdemir, O. N., and M. E. Ucaner. 2010. “Success of booster chlorination for water supply networks with genetic algorithms.” J. Hydraul. Res. 43 (3): 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680509500121.
Prasad, T. D., G. A. Walters, and D. A. Savic. 2004. “Booster disinfection of water supply networks: Multiobjective approach.” J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 130 (5): 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:5(367).
Rossman, L. 2000. Epanet 2 users manual. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Sharif, N. M., A. Farahat, M. A. Al-Zahrani, N. Islam, M. J. Rodriguez, and R. Sadiq. 2016. “Optimization of chlorination boosters in drinking water distribution network for Al- Khobar City in Saudi Arabia.” Arab. J. Geosci. 9 (9): 546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2552-1.
Tryby, M., D. Boccelli, J. Uber, and L. Rossman. 2002. “Facility location model for booster disinfection of water supply networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 128 (5): 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2002)128:5(322).
Tsegaye, S. A. 2013. “Flexible urban water distribution systems.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of South Florida Scholar Commons.
Woodward, M., B. Gouldby, Z. Kapelan, S.-T. Khu, and I. Townend. 2011. “Real options in flood risk management decision making.” J. Flood Risk Manage. 4 (4): 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2011.01119.x.
Zhang, S. X., and V. Babovic. 2011. “An evolutionary real options framework for the design and management of projects and systems with complex real options and exercising conditions.” Decis. Support Syst. 51 (1): 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.001.
Zhang, S. X., and V. Babovic. 2012. “A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty.” J. Hydroinf. 14 (1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2011.078.
Zhou, Y., and T. Hu. 2009. “Flexible design of delivery capacity in urban water distribution system.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Management and Service Science, 2009. New York: IEEE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
Volume 5 • Issue 4 • December 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 12, 2018
Accepted: Jan 4, 2019
Published online: Jul 19, 2019
Published in print: Dec 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Dec 19, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.