Ground Bottom Ash Application for Conventional Mortar and Geopolymer Paste
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 24, Issue 1
Abstract
The present study investigates the possibility of using ground bottom ash (GBA) as an alternative to cement to produce geopolymer concrete. The process of geopolymerization includes the reaction of a solid precursor and an alkali-activated solution made of diluted sodium silicate () and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Several studies have been reported in the past, which used fly ash as the solid precursor material for producing geopolymer paste and concrete. The main objective of this study was to produce geopolymer paste and conventional ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortar using GBA and demonstrate its effectiveness in comparison to fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer paste. The effect of an increase in the ratio of from to based on the strength of geopolymer paste was studied. The results showed that the GBA geopolymer paste cube was stronger than the ones made of ground fly ash (GFA) (obtained from the same source), even those of a finer particle size. The results also showed that with the increase in the ratio of , the compressive strength of geopolymer paste increased. When different combinations of FA and GBA were used, the results showed that geopolymer paste with higher GBA content produced better results.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data generated during the study are available upon request from the corresponding author.
References
Akbari, H., T. Heller, S. Shin, X. Yang, P. Kolay, S. Kumar, and M. K. Mohanty. 2013. “Geopolymer-based concrete to reduce carbon footprint of the construction industry.” Min. Eng. 65 (12): 57–62.
Al Bakri, M., A. Mohd, H. Kamarudin, O. A. Abdulkareem, C. M. R. Ghazali, A. R. Rafiza, and M. N. Norazian. 2012. “Optimization of alkaline activator/fly ash ratio on the compressive strength of manufacturing fly ash-based geopolymer.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 110: 734–739. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.110-116.734.
Alderman, K. 2002. “Using sieve analysis for process estimates.” CPSA J. 1 (2): 6–7.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens). ASTM C109/C109M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Davidovits, J. 1994. “Properties of geopolymer cements.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, 131–149. Kiev, Ukraine: Kiev State Technical Univ.
Davidovits, J. 1999. “Chemistry of geopolymeric systems, terminology.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Conf., Geopolymer ‘99, edited by Davidovits, J., Davidovits, R., and James, C., 9–39. Saint-Quentin, France: Geopolymer Institute.
Fernandez-Jimenez, A., and A. Palomo. 2003. “Characterization of fly ashes: Potential reactivity as alkaline cements.” Fuel 82 (18): 2259–2265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00194-7.
Gourley, J. T. 2003. “Geopolymers; opportunities for environmentally friendly construction materials.” In Proc., Materials 2003 Conf.: Adaptive Materials for a Modern Society. Sydney, NSW: Institute of Materials Engineering Australia.
Jaturapitakkul, C., and R. Cheerarot. 2003. “Development of bottom ash as pozzolanic material.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (1): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(48).
Kalyoncu, R., and S. Rustu. 2002. “Coal combustion products-production and uses.” In Proc., Coal Combustion By-products and Western Coal Mines: A Technical Interactive Forum. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Univ.
Khale, D., and R. Chaudhary. 2007. “Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: A review.” J. Mater. Sci. 42 (3): 729–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4.
McCaffrey, R. 2002. “Climate change and the cement industry.” Global Cem. Lime Mag. 8 (15): 19.
Mustafa Al Bakri, A. M., H. Kamarudin, M. Binhussain, A. R. Rifiza, and Y. Zarina. 2012. “Effect of ratios and NaOH molarities on compressive strength of fly-ash-based geopolymer.” ACI Mater. J. 109 (5): 503–508. https://doi.org/10.14359/51684080.
Nagral, M. R., T. Ostwal, and M. V. Chitawadagi. 2014. “Effect of curing temperature and curing hours on the properties of geo-polymer concrete.” Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res. 4 (9): 1–11.
Palomo, A., M. W. Grutzek, and M. T. Blanco. 1999. “Alkali-activated fly ashes: A cement for the future.” Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (8): 1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9.
Ramujee, K., and M. PothaRaju. 2017. “Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete composites.” Mater. Today Proc. 4 (2): 2937–2945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.175.
Sathonsaowaphak, A., P. Chindaprasirt, and K. Pimraksa. 2009. “Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar.” J. Hazard. Mater. 168 (1): 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.120.
Shaikh, F. U., and V. Vimonsatit. 2015. “Compressive strength of fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete at elevated temperatures.” Fire Mater. 39 (2): 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2240.
Shehab, H. K., A. S. Eisa, and A. M. Wahba. 2016. “Mechanical properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with full and partial cement replacement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 126: 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.059.
The Washington Post. 2015. “Mapping how the United States generates its electricity.” Accessed January 14, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/.
US Energy Information Administration. 2015. “Information administration.” Accessed January 14, 2017. www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3.
Van Jaarsveld, J. G. S., J. S. J. van Deventer, and G. C. Lukey. 2003. “The characterization of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers.” Mater. Lett. 57 (7): 1272–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00971-0.
Van Jaarsveld, J. G. S., J. S. J. van Deventer, and A. Schwartzman. 1999. “The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilize toxic metals: Part II. Material and leaching characteristics.” Miner. Eng. 12 (1): 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(98)00121-6.
Van Jaarsveld, J. G. S., J. S. J. Van Deventer, and G. C. Lukey. 2002. “The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash and kaolinite based geopolymer.” Chem. Eng. J. London 89 (1–3): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(02)00025-6.
Wallah, S. E., and B. V. Rangan. 2006. Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: Long term properties. Perth, Australia: Faculty of Engineering.
Xu, H. 2001. Geopolymerisation of aluminosilicate minerals. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne.
Xu, H., and J. S. J. van Deventer. 2000. “The geopolymerisation of natural alumino-silicates minerals.” In Proc., Geopolymere ‘99 Int. Conf. Aisne, France: Cordi-Geopolymere SARL.
Yusuf, M. O., M. A. M. Johari, Z. A. Ahmad, and M. Maslehuddin. 2014. “Effects of molar ratio on the strength of alkaline activated ground blast furnace slag-ultrafine palm oil fuel ash based concrete.” Mater. Des. 56: 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.078.
Zhang, G. P., and J. A. He. 2010. “Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties of red mud-based geopolymers.” Transp. Res. 2167 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3141%2F2167-01.
Zhang, M., H. Guo, T. El-Korchi, G. Zhang, and M. Tao. 2013. “Experimental feasibility study of geopolymer as the next-generation soil stabilizer.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47: 1468–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 24 • Issue 1 • January 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 4, 2019
Accepted: Jun 10, 2019
Published online: Aug 22, 2019
Published in print: Jan 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 22, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.