Technical Papers
Apr 28, 2021

Application of Dual Concern Theory in Elucidating Conflict Behavior in Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership Projects

Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 147, Issue 7

Abstract

Conflict and its management are prevailing challenges in infrastructure public-private partnership (PPP) projects. In developing effective conflict management (CM) systems for PPPs, the consideration of behavior and attitudes of PPP project parties is valuable given their contribution to escalation and deescalation of conflict. In order to guide the incorporation of behavior and attitudes in the CM process for infrastructure PPPs, this paper examines how the behavioral patterns and corresponding CM styles proposed by the dual concern theory (DCT) relate to CM in infrastructure PPPs. Behavioral tendencies of PPP project parties in conflict situations are scrutinized based on their concern for their own and/or others’ outcome and subsequent inclination toward the five CM styles (integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising) depicted by the DCT. The results demonstrate, in some part, that there is sufficient connectivity to support the application of the DCT in CM of infrastructure PPPs. On that basis, a conceptual framework that incorporates behavioral aspects in CM for infrastructure PPPs has been developed. This framework fills a theoretical gap in existing knowledge regarding conflict and can be applied to develop strategies for constructively managing conflict in infrastructure PPP practice.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the University of Adelaide for providing financial support for this research through the Adelaide Scholarships International.

References

Acharya, N. K., Y. D. Lee, and H. M. Im. 2006. “Conflicting factors in construction projects: Korean perspective.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 13 (6): 543–566. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610712364.
Adair, W. L., T. Okumura, and J. M. Brett. 2001. “Negotiation behavior when cultures collide: The United States and Japan.” J. Appl. Psychol. 86 (3): 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.371.
Adarkwa, O., O. Smadi, and A. Alhasan. 2017. “Lessons to be learned from bankruptcy filings in public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the United States.” MOJ Civ. Eng. 2 (2): 66–70. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2017.02.00030.
Akiner, I. 2014. “Critical viewpoints on the management of conflict in multi-national construction projects.” Organ. Technol. Manage. Constr. Int. J. 6 (2): 1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.5592/otmcj.2014.2.6.
Akintoye, A., C. Hardcastle, M. Beck, E. Chinyio, and D. Asenova. 2003. “Achieving best value in private finance initiative project procurement.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 21 (5): 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000087285.
Al-Sedairy, S. T. 1994. “Management of conflicts: Public-sector construction in Saudi Arabia.” Int. J. Proj. Manage. 12 (3): 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(94)90029-9.
Atteya, N. M. 2012. “The conflict management grid: A selection and development tool to resolve the conflict between the marketing and sales organizations.” Int. J. Bus. Manage. 7 (13): 28–39. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n13p28.
Babatunde, S. O., S. Perera, L. Zhou, and C. Udeaja. 2015. “Barriers to public private partnership projects in developing countries: A case of Nigeria.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 22 (6): 669–691. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2014-0159.
Ball, R. 2011. “Provision of public service infrastructure—The use of PPPs in the UK and Australia: A comparative study.” Int. J. Public Sector Manage. 24 (Jan): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111099190.
Blake, R. R., and J. S. Mouton. 1964. The managerial grid: Key orientations for achieving production through people. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
Butler, J. K. 1994. “Conflict styles and outcomes in negotiation with fully integrative potential.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 5 (Apr): 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022749.
Chan, A. P., P. T. Lam, D. W. Chan, E. Cheung, and Y. Ke. 2010. “Potential obstacles to successful implementation of public-private partnerships in Beijing and the Hong Kong special administrative region.” J. Manage. Eng. 26 (1): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2010)26:1(30).
Chan, C. F. 2010. “Collective effects of strategic, cultural and institutional factors on investors’ renegotiation approach in public and private concession.” Doctoral thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Chen, G., C. Liu, and D. Tjosvold. 2005. “Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China.” J. Manage. Stud. 42 (2): 277–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00497.x.
Cheung, S., and H. Suen. 2002. “A multi-attribute utility model for dispute resolution strategy selection.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 20 (7): 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190210157568.
Cheung, S. O., T. W. Y. Yiu, and S. F. Yeung. 2006. “A study of styles and outcomes in construction dispute negotiation.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 132 (8): 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:8(805).
Chou, H. W., and Y. J. Yeh. 2007. “Conflict, conflict management and performance of ERP teams.” Soc. Behav. Personality 35 (8): 1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.8.1035.
Clark, M. S., and J. Mills. 1979. “Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.” J. Personality Social Psychol. 37 (1): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12.
Costantino, C. A., and C. S. Merchant. 1996. Designing conflict management systems: A guide to creating productive and healthy organizations, 4–5. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Currie, D., and P. Teague. 2015. “Conflict management in public-private partnerships: The case of the London underground.” Negotiation J. 31 (3): 237–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12093.
Das, S. 2005. “Developer does deal on station.” Accessed April 20, 2020. https://www.theage.com.au/national/developer-does-deal-on-station-20050712-ge0i0i.html.
Dechurch, L. A., K. L. Hamilton, and C. Haas. 2007. “Effects of conflict management strategies on perceptions of intragroup conflict.” Group Dyn. Theory Res. Pract. 11 (1): 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.11.1.66.
De Dreu, C. K. W., A. Evers, B. Beersma, E. S. Kluwer, and A. Nauta. 2001. “A theory-based measure of conflict management strategies in the workplace.” J. Organ. Behav. 22 (6): 645–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.107.
De Dreu, C. K. W., L. R. Weingart, and S. Kwon. 2000. “Influence of social motives on integrative negotiation: A meta-analytic review and test of two theories.” J. Personality Social Psychol. 78 (5): 889–905. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.889.
De Schepper, S., M. Dooms, and E. Haezendonck. 2014. “Stakeholder dynamics and responsibilities in public–private partnerships: A mixed experience.” Int. J. Proj. Manage. 32 (7): 1210–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.01.006.
Deutsch, M. 1973. The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dunaetz, D. R., and A. Greenham. 2018. “Power or concerns: Contrasting perspectives on missionary conflict.” Missiology Int. Rev. 46 (1): 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091829617737499.
Ellis, F., and B. K. Baiden. 2008. “A conceptual model for conflict management in construction firms.” In The construction and building research conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Ireland, Europe: Dublin Institute of Technology.
English, L., and J. Guthrie. 2003. “Driving privately financed projects in Australia: What makes them tick?” Accounting Auditing Accountability J. 16 (3): 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570310482354.
Ertel, D. 1991. “How to design a conflict management procedure that fits your dispute.” Accessed November 24, 2020. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-design-a-conflict-management-procedure-that-fits-your-dispute/.
Fenn, P., D. Lowe, and C. Speck. 1997. “Conflict and dispute in construction.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 15 (6): 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461997372719.
Fiedler, F. E. 1967. A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Forward, P. 2006. “Public private partnership or conflict: Is it time for a new approach?” Univ. New South Wales Law J. 29 (3): 263–269.
Friedman, R. A., S. T. Tidd, S. C. Currall, and J. C. Tsai. 2000. “What goes around comes around: The impact of personal conflict style on work conflict and stress.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 11 (1): 32–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022834.
Giritli, H., D. Balci, and B. Sertyesilisik. 2014. “An investigation on the conflict-resolving approaches of the employees in the construction industry.” Int. J. Constr. Project Manage. 6 (1): 75–91.
Gray, B. 2004. “Strong opposition: Game based resistance to collaboration.” J. Community and Appl. Psychol. 14 (3): 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.773.
Guerrero, L. K., P. A. Anderson, and W. A. Afifi. 2007. Close encounters: Communication in relationships. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Gunarathna, C., R. J. Yang, and N. Fernando. 2018. “Conflicts and management styles in the Sri Lankan commercial building sector.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 25 (2): 178–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2016-0233.
Hall, D., R. De La Motte, and S. Davies. 2003. “Terminology of public–private partnerships (PPPs).” Accessed March 24, 2020. www.psiru.org.
Hambrick, D. C. 2007. “Upper echelons theory: An update.” Acad. Manage. Rev. 32 (2): 334–343. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254.
Hannan, E. 2004. “Nightmare on Spencer street.” Accessed April 2, 2020. https://www.theage.com.au/national/nightmare-on-spencer-street-20040717-gdy9vj.html.
Hodge, G. 2005. “Public–private partnerships: The Australian experience with physical infrastructure.” In The challenge of public–private partnerships: Learning from international experience. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Ibrahim, A. D., A. D. F. Price, and A. R. J. Dainty. 2006. “The analysis and allocation of risks in public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects in Nigeria.” J. Financ. Manage. Property Constr. 11 (3): 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/13664380680001086.
Isen, A. M., and P. F. Levin. 1972. “Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness.” J. Personality Social Psychol. 21 (3): 384–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032317.
Jefferies, M. 2006. “Critical success factors of public private sector partnerships: A case study of the Sydney SuperDome.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 13 (5): 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610690738.
Jin, X., and H. Doloi. 2008. “Interpreting risk allocation mechanism in public-private partnership projects: An empirical study in a transaction cost economics perspective.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 26 (7): 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190801998682.
Johnston, J. 2010. “Examining ‘tunnel vision’ in Australian PPPs: Rationales, rhetoric, risks and ‘rogues’.” Aust. J. Public Admin. 69 (1): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2009.00660.x.
Johnston, J., and A. Kouzmin. 2010. “Addressing governance, accountability and performance monitoring issues in partnerships: Can 'Infrastructure Australia’ provide a strategic response?” Public Admin. Q. 34 (4): 513–551.
Ke, Y., S. Wang, A. P. C. Chan, and P. T. I. Lam. 2010. “Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–private partnership (PPP) projects.” Int. J. Proj. Manage. 28 (5): 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007.
Lee, K. L. 2008. “An examination between the relationships of conflict management styles and employees’ satisfaction.” Int. J. Bus. Manage. 3 (9): 11–25.
Lee, S.-H. 2016. “Dispute settlement in cross-border public-private partnerships with diplomatic agendas: Learning from the Kaesong industrial complex.” J. Int. Area Stud. 23 (2): 61–76.
Legal Aid NSW. 2014. “Dispute resolution: Frameworks in New South Wales.” Accessed December 1, 2020. https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/19879/Dispute-Resolution-frameworks-in-NSW-Legal-Aid-NSW-submission.pdf.
Leung, M.-Y., A. Chong, S. T. Ng, and M. C. Cheung. 2004. “Demystifying stakeholders’ commitment and its impacts on construction projects.” Constr. Manage. Econ. 22 (7): 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000300736.
Li, B., A. Akintoye, P. J. Edwards, and C. Hardcastle. 2005. “Perceptions of positive and negative factors drivers influencing the attractiveness of PPP/PFI procurement for construction projects in the U.K.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 12 (2): 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980510584485.
Li, J., and D. C. Hambrick. 2005. “Factional groups: A new vantage on demographic faultlines, conflict, and disintegration in work teams.” Acad. Manage. J. 48 (5): 794–813. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.18803923.
Lovelace, K., D. L. Shapiro, and L. R. Weingart. 2001. “Maximizing cross-functional new product teams’ innovativeness and constraint adherence: A conflict communications perspective.” Acad. Manage. J. 44 (4): 779–793. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069415.
Lynch, J. F. 2001. “Beyond ADR: A systems approach to conflict management.” Negotiation J. 17 (3): 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2001.tb00237.x.
McCann, S., G. Aranda-Mena, and P. J. Edwards. 2016. “Public private partnership projects in the operating phase: Three Australian case studies.” J. Strategic Contract. Negotiation 1 (4): 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055563616634110.
Mitropoulos, P., and G. Howell. 2001. “Model for understanding, preventing and resolving project disputes.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 127 (3): 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2001)127:3(223).
Ng, S. T., Y. M. Wong, and J. M. Wong. 2012. “Factors influencing the success of PPP at feasibility stage–A tripartite comparison study in Hong Kong.” Habitat Int. 36 (4): 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.02.002.
Osei-Kyei, R., A. P. C. Chan, Y. Yu, C. Chen, and A. Dansoh. 2019. “Root causes of conflict and conflict resolution mechanisms in public-private partnerships: Comparative study between Ghana and China.” Cities 87 (Apr): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.10.001.
Özkalp, E., Z. Sungur, and A. A. Özdemir. 2009. “Conflict management styles of Turkish managers.” J. Eur. Indus. Training 33 (5): 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910966571.
Paré, G., M.-C. Trudel, M. Jaana, and S. Kitsiou. 2015. “Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews.” Inf. Manage. 52 (2): 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008.
Pawson, R., T. Greenhalgh, G. Harvey, and K. Walshe. 2005. “Realist review—A new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions.” J. Health Serv. Res. Policy 10 (1): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1258/1355819054308530.
Pruitt, D. G., and J. Rubin. 1986. Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, settlement. New York: Random House.
Pryse, M. 2016. “Australia—Liability for the lane cove tunnel collapse.” Accessed December 7, 2020. https://www.conventuslaw.com/report/australia-liability-for-the-lane-cove-tunnel/.
Putnam, L. L. 2006. “Definitions and approaches to conflict and communication.” In The SAGE handbook of conflict communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
PWC (PricewaterhouseCoopers). 2017. Reimagining publicprivatepartnerships. London: PWC.
Rahim, A. M. 1983. “A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict.” Acad. Manage. J. 26 (2): 368–376. https://doi.org/10.5465/255985.
Rahim, A. M. 1997. “Styles of managing organizational conflict: A critical review and synthesis of theory and research.” In Current topics in management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Rahim, A. M. 2001. Managing conflict in organizations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Rahim, A. M., and T. V. Bonoma. 1979. “Managing organizational conflict: A model for diagnosis and intervention.” Psychol. Rep. 44 (3): 1323–1344. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3c.1323.
Rahim, A. M., and N. R. Magner. 1995. “Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups.” J. Appl. Psychol. 80 (1): 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.122.
Rahim, M. A. 2002. “Towards a theory of managing organisational conflict.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 13 (3): 206–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022874.
Rollinson, D., and A. Broadfield. 2002. Organisational behaviour and analysis: An integrative approach. New York: Prentice Hall Inc.
Shrestha, A., T.-K. Chan, A. A. Aibinu, and C. Chen. 2017. “Efficient risk transfer in PPP wastewater treatment projects.” Util. Policy 48 (Oct): 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.03.003.
Siddiquee, N. A. 2011. “Rhetoric and reality of public–private partnerships: Learning points from the Australian experience.” Asian J. Political Sci. 19 (2): 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2011.600163.
Song, J., H. Yibo, and F. Zhuo. 2018. “Factors influencing early termination of PPP projects in China.” J. Manage. Eng. 34 (1): 05017008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000572.
Sorenson, R. L., E. A. Morse, and G. T. Savage. 1999. “A test of the motivations underlying choice of conflict strategies in the dual concern model.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 10 (1): 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022817.
Tabassi, A. A., D. J. Bryde, A. Abdullah, and M. Argyropoulou. 2017. “Conflict management style of team leaders in multi-cultural work environment in the construction industry.” Procedia Comput. Sci. 121 (2): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.007.
Tang, L., Q. Shen, M. Skitmore, and E. W. Cheng. 2015. “Ranked critical factors in PPP briefings.” J. Manage. Eng. 29 (2): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000131.
Thomas, K. W. 1976. “Conflict and conflict management.” In Handbook in industrial and organisational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Tjosvold, D., A. S. H. Wong, and N. Y. F. Chen. 2014. “Constructively managing conflicts in organizations.” Ann. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 1 (1): 545–568. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091306.
Tsai, J.-S., and C. S. F. Chi. 2009. “Influences of Chinese cultural orientations and conflict management styles on construction dispute resolving strategies.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 135 (10): 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2009)135:10(955).
UNESCAP. 2011. “A guidebook on public-private partnership in infrastructure.” Accessed December 1, 2020. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ppp_guidebook.pdf.
Ury, W. 1999. Getting to peace: Transforming conflict at home, at work, and in the world. New York: Viking.
Uygun, B. 2015. “Dispute resolution in the health sector PPPs: The Turkish experience.” Accessed December 2, 2020. https://www.baseak.com/en/insights/reports-and-whitepapers/2016/may/26/dispute-resolution-in-the-health-sector-ppps.
Van Lange, P. A. M. 1999. “The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientations.” J. Personality Social Psychol. 77 (2): 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.337.
Vollmer, A., and S. Seyr. 2013. “Constructive controversy research in the business organizational context—A literature review.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 24 (Sep): 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-07-2011-0055.
Vroom, V. H., and P. W. Yetton. 1973. Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Vu, A. T., and D. G. Carmichael. 2009. “Cultural difference and conflict management—A Vietnamese-Australian and construction industry case study.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 9 (2): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2009.10773125.
Yiu, K. T. W., and S. O. Cheung. 2006. “A catastrophe model of construction conflict behavior.” Build. Environ. 41 (4): 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.007.
Zhang, S., Y. Gao, Z. Feng, and W. Sun. 2015a. “PPP application in infrastructure development in China: Institutional analysis and implications.” Int. J. Proj. Manage. 33 (3): 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.06.006.
Zhang, S. J., Y. Q. Chen, and H. Sun. 2015b. “Emotional intelligence, conflict management styles, and innovation performance: An empirical study of Chinese employees.” Int. J. Conflict Manage. 26 (4): 450–478. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-06-2014-0039.
Zhang, X., and S. Chen. 2013. “A systematic framework for infrastructure development through public private partnerships.” Int. Assoc. Traffic Saf. Sci. Res. 36 (3): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.11.001.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 147Issue 7July 2021

History

Received: May 5, 2020
Accepted: Feb 9, 2021
Published online: Apr 28, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Adelaide Business School, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-8172. Email: [email protected]
Bassam Baroudi, Ph.D.
Adelaide Business School, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Associate Professor, Adelaide Business School, Univ. of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-509X

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share