Mechanistic Deterioration Modeling for Bridge Design and Management
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 5
Abstract
The combination of continued highway bridge aging and constrained maintenance, repair, and replacement budgets create the pressing need to develop strategies to allocate available management resources most effectively. Strategies for preventative maintenance scheduling and budget projection greatly depend on the ability to predict bridge deterioration. Mechanistic deterioration models, which analyze the physical processes causing deterioration, have the potential to supplement purely statistical deterioration models and to address limitations associated with bridge inspection data and statistical methods. A variety of mechanistic models that consider specific aspects of deterioration processes is available in the literature. This study considered how existing mechanistic models for predicting corrosion-induced cracking of RC bridge decks can be assembled into a comprehensive model that can predict the complete deck service life and be used to propose preventative maintenance schemes for the decks. The construction practices of modern RC bridge decks were investigated and an attempt was made to assemble a mechanistic model, including the effects of epoxy-coated rebar, waterproofing membranes, asphalt overlays, joint deterioration, and deck maintenance. In some cases, new temporary models had to be proposed to fill gaps in existing modeling capabilities. After a complete model was assembled, Monte Carlo simulation with probabilistic model inputs was applied to simulate the inherent randomness associated with deterioration. The results of this effort indicated that mechanistic models are, indeed, promising, and well-timed preventative maintenance may provide longer bridge deck service life with fewer total maintenance actions than current methods do. However, experimental studies of specific deterioration processes and additional bridge data collection are needed to supplement existing models and validate model predictions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2002). Standard specification for highway bridges, Washington, DC.
Agrawal, A. K., Kawaguchi, A., and Chen, Z. (2010). “Deterioration rates of typical bridge elements in New York.” J. Bridge Eng., 419–429.
ASCE. (2017). “2017 Report card for America’s infrastructure.” Reston, VA.
ASCE/SEI-AASHTO Ad Hoc Group on Bridge Inspection, Rating, Rehabilitation, and Replacement. (2009). “White paper on bridge inspection and rating.” J. Bridge Eng., 1–5.
ASTM. (2016). “Standard specification for epoxy-coated steel reinforcing bars.” ASTM-A775/A775M, West Conshohocken, PA.
Balafas, I., and Burgoyne, C. (2011). “Modeling the structural effects of rust in concrete cover.” J. Eng. Mech., 175–185.
Bažant, Z. P., and Baweja, S. (1995). “Creep and shrinkage prediction model for analysis and design of concrete structures-model B3.” Mater. Struct., 28, 357–365.
Bažant, Z. P., Chern, J. C., Rosenberg, A. M., and Gaidis, J. M. (1988). “Mathematical model for freeze–thaw durability of concrete.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 71(9), 776–783.
Caicedo, J. M., Wieger, G., Ziehl, P., and Rizos, D. (2011). “Simplifying bridge expansion joint design and maintenance.” FHWA Rep. No. SC-11-03, South Carolina Dept. of Transportation, Columbia, SC.
CDOT (Colorado Dept. of Transportation). (1998). “CDOT Pontis bridge inspection coding guide.” Denver.
CDOT (Colorado Dept. of Transportation). (2014). “Bridge rating manual.” Denver.
Chen, E., and Leung, C. (2015). “Finite element modeling of concrete cover cracking due to nonuniform steel corrosion.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 134, 61–78.
CurrentResults. (2016). “Annual average humidity in Colorado.” 〈https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Colorado/humidity-annual.php〉.
Dhir, R. K., Jones, M. R., and McCarthy, M. J. (1993). “Quantifying chloride-induced corrosion from half-cell potential.” Cem. Concr. Res., 23(6), 1443–1454.
Fanous, F., and Wu, H. (2005). “Performance of coated reinforcing bars in cracked bridge decks.” J. Bridge Eng., 255–261.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2013). “Collection of element level data for national highway system bridges.” Washington, DC.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2015). “National bridge inventory (NBI).” Washington, DC.
Geenen, F. M. (1991). “Characterization of organic coatings with impedance measurements: A study of coating structure, adhesion and underfilm corrosion.” Doctoral dissertation, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Hu, N., Haider, S. W., and Burgueño, R. (2013). “Development and validation of deterioration models for concrete bridge decks Phase 2: Mechanics-based degradation models.” RC-1587b, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI.
Isgor, O. B., and Razaqpur, A. G. (2004). “Finite element modeling of coupled heat transfer, moisture transport and carbonation processes in concrete structures.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 26(1), 57–73.
Jang, B., and Oh, B. (2010). “Effects of non-uniform corrosion on the cracking and service life of reinforced concrete structures.” Cement Concrete Res., 40, 1441–1450.
Jiang, J., and Yuan, Y. (2013). “Relationship of moisture content with temperature and relative humidity in concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res., 65(11), 685–692.
Keßler, S., Angst, U., Zintel, M., and Gehlen, C. (2015). “Defects in epoxy-coated reinforcement and their impact on the service life of a concrete structure.” Struct. Concr., 16(3), 398–405.
Krauss, P., Lawler, J., and Steiner, K. A. (2009). “Guidelines for selection of bridge deck overlays, sealers and treatments.” Project 20-07, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Liu, Y., and Weyers, R. E. (1998). “Modeling the time-to-corrosion cracking in chloride contaminated reinforced concrete structures.” ACI Mater. J., 95(6), 675–680.
Manning, D. G. (1996). “Corrosion performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel: North American experience.” Constr. Build. Mater., 10(5), 349–365.
Nickless, K., and Atadero R. (2017). “Investigation mechanistic deterioration modeling for bridge design and management.” CDOT-2017-05, Colorado Dept. of Transportation, Denver.
Phares, B. M., Washer, G. A., Rolander, D. D., Graybeal, B. Z., and Moore, M. (2004). “Routine highway bridge inspection condition documentation accuracy and reliability.” J. Bridge Eng., 403–413.
Pincheira, J. A., Aramayo, A., Fratta, D., and Kim, K-S. (2015). “Corrosion performance of epoxy-coated bars in four bridge decks subjected to deicing salts: 30-year perspective.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 04014097.
Pyć, W. A. (1998). “Field performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in Virginia bridge decks.” Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA.
Roelfstra, G., Hajdin, R., Adey, B., and Brühwiler, E. (2004). “Condition evolution in bridge management systems and corrosion-induced deterioration.” J. Bridge Eng., 268–277.
Safiuddin, Md., and Soudki, K. A. (2011). “Sealer and coating systems for the protection of concrete bridge structures.” Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(37), 8188–8199.
Šavija, B., Luković, M., Pacheco, J., and Schlangen, E. (2013). “Cracking of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion: A two-dimensional lattice model study.” Constr. Build. Mater., 44, 626–638.
Sohanghpurwala, A., and Scannell, W. (1998). “Verification of effectiveness of epoxy-coated rebars.” Project 94-05, CONCORR, Ashburn, VA.
Stewart, M., and Rosowsky, D. (1998). “Time-dependent reliability of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridge decks.” Struct. Saf., 20, 91–109.
Thompson, P. D., and Shepard, R. W. (2000). “AASHTO commonly recognized bridge elements—Successful applications and lessons learned.” Proc., National Workshop on Commonly Recognized Measures for Maintenance, Booz-Allen & Hamilton.
U.S. Climate Data. (2016). “Climate of Denver, Colorado.” 〈http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/denver/colorado/united-states/usco0105〉.
Washer, G., et al. (2014). “Proposed guideline for reliability-based bridge inspection practices.” NCHRP Report 782, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Xi, Y., Abu-Hejleh, N., Asiz, A., and Suwito, A. (2004). “Performance evaluation of various corrosion protection systems of bridges in Colorado.” Report CDOT-DTD-R-2004-1, Colorado Dept. of Transportation, Denver.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 10, 2017
Accepted: Oct 31, 2017
Published online: Mar 9, 2018
Published in print: May 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Aug 9, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.