Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models for Shape Memory Alloy Retrofitted RC Bridge Columns
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 8
Abstract
This numerical study aimed to develop probabilistic seismic demand models for RC bridge columns, vulnerable to failure due to lack of flexural ductility, that have been retrofitted using a newly emerging active confinement technique. The new technique involved the application of thermally prestressed spirals made of a shape memory alloy (SMA) at the plastic hinge region of the columns. Columns with different fundamental time periods were chosen, and retrofitting schemes corresponding to three confinement levels were explored. The performance of the retrofitted columns under ground motion records was assessed using four demand measures (DMs)—maximum drift, residual drift, energy-based concrete damage index, and low cycle fatigue based steel damage index The suitability of eight intensity measures (IMs) for the development of probabilistic demand models to predict the DMs was explored. The final demand models, developed using IMs that predicted the DMs with least dispersion, were presented and compared to understand the effect of lateral active confinement. The results indicated that increasing the confinement reduced the damage in concrete substantially, whereas the damage associated with low-cycle fatigue of steel was also reduced. Higher levels of active confinement were also seen to be effective in reducing the residual drifts of long-period columns.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the funding provided for this research from the National Science Foundation through its Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program under Award 1055640.
References
AASHTO. (2014). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, 7th Ed., Washington, DC.
Andrawes, B., and Shin, M. (2008). “Seismic retrofitting of bridge columns using shape memory alloys.” 15th Int. Symp. on Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, WA.
ASTM. (2017). “Standard practices for cycle counting in fatigue analysis.” ASTM E1049-85, West Conshohocken, PA.
Caltrans (California Dept. of Transportation). (2013). Seismic design criteria, Version 1.7, Sacramento, CA.
Campbell, K. W., and Bozorgnia, Y. (2008). “NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s.” Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 139–171.
Chai, Y. H., Priestley, M. J. N., and Seible, F. (1991). “Seismic retrofit of circular bridge columns for enhanced flexural performance.” ACI Struct. J., 88(5), 572–584.
Chen, Q., and Andrawes, B. (2017a). “Cyclic stress–strain behavior of concrete confined with NiTiNb-shape memory alloy spirals.” J. Struct. Eng., 04017008.
Chen, Q., and Andrawes, B. (2017b). “Plasticity modeling of concrete confined with NiTiNb shape memory alloy spirals.” Struct., 11, 1–10.
Choi, E., Chung, Y.-S., Choi, J.-H., Kim, H.-T., and Lee, H. (2010). “The confining effectiveness of NiTiNb and NiTi SMA wire jackets for concrete.” Smart Mater. Struct., 19(3), 035024.
Cornell, C. A., Jalayer, F., Hamburger, R. O., and Foutch, D. A. (2002). “Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC federal emergency management agency steel moment frame guidelines.” J. Struct. Eng., 526–533.
Dommer, K., and Andrawes, B. (2012). “Thermomechanical characterization of NiTiNb shape memory alloy for concrete active confinement applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1274–1282.
Duerig, T. W., and Melton, K. N. (1989). “Wide Hysteresis NiTiNb Alloys.” The martensitic transformation in science and technology, E. Hombogen, ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 191–198.
Ghobarah, A. (2001). “Performance-based design in earthquake engineering: State of development.” Eng. Struct., 23(8), 878–884.
Haroun, M. A., and Elsanadedy, H. M. (2005). “Fiber-reinforced plastic jackets for ductility enhancement of reinforced concrete bridge columns with poor lap-splice detailing.” J. Bridge Eng., 749–757.
Kowalsky, M. J. (2000). “Deformation limit states for circular reinforced concrete bridge columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 869–878.
Krstulovic-Opara, N., and Thiedeman, P. D. (2000). “Active confinement of concrete members with self-stressing composites.” ACI Mater. J., 97(3), 297–308.
Kunnath, S., Kanvinde, A., Zhang, G., and Xiao, Y. (2009). “Effects of buckling and low cycle fatigue on seismic performance of reinforcing bars and mechanical couplers for critical structural members.” Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.
Mackie, K., and Stojadinovic, B. (2004). “Residual displacement and post-earthquake capacity of highway bridges.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Maekawa, K., and An, X. (2000). “Shear failure and ductility of RC columns after yielding of main reinforcement.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 65(2–3), 335–368.
Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1997). “Behavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites.” J. Struct. Eng., 583–590.
Moehle, J., and Deierlein, G. (2004). “A framework methodology for performance-based earthquake engineering.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada: Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Nesheli, K. N., and Meguro, K., (2006). “Seismic retrofitting of earthquake-damaged concrete columns by lateral pre-tensioning of FRP belts.” In Proc., 8th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
OpenSees [Computer software]. University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Otsuka, K., and Wayman, C. M. (1999). Shape memory materials, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). (2013). “NGA-West2 Ground Motion Database.” University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Seible, F. (1995). “Design of seismic retrofit measures for concrete and masonry structures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 9(6), 365–377.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., Xiao, Y., and Verma, R. (1994). “Steel jacket retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridge columns for enhanced shear strength—Part 1: Theoretical considerations and test design.” ACI Struct. J., 91(4), 394–405.
Richart, F. E., Brandtzæg, A., and Brown, R. L. (1928). “A study of the failure of concrete under combined compressive stresses.” Bulletin No. 185, Univ. of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Urbana, IL, 104.
Saatcioglu, M., and Yalcin, C. (2003). “External prestressing concrete columns for improved seismic shear resistance.” J. Struct. Eng., 1057–1070.
Shin, M., and Andrawes, B. (2010). “Experimental investigation of actively confined concrete using shape memory alloys.” Eng. Struct., 32(3), 656–664.
Shin, M., and Andrawes, B. (2011). “Lateral cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with shape memory spirals and FRP wraps.” J. Struct. Eng., 1282–1290.
Shome, N. (1999). “Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of nonlinear structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Suhail, R., Amato, G., Chen, J. F., and McCrum, D. (2016). “Heat activated prestressing of NiTiNb shape memory alloy for active confinement of concrete sections.” In Proc., Civil Engineering Research in Ireland Conf. 2016 Galway, Ireland: Civil Engineering Research Association of Ireland.
Tang, B. (1993). “Orthogonal array-based Latin hypercubes.” J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 88(424), 1392–1397.
Yan, Z., Pantelides, C. P., and Reaveley, L. D. (2007). “Posttensioned FRP composite shells for concrete confinement.” J. Compos. Constr., 81–90.
Yang, T. Y., Moehle, J., Stojadinovic, B., and Der Kiureghian, A. (2009). “Seismic performance evaluation of facilities: Methodology and implementation.” J. Struct. Eng., 1146–1154.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 8 • August 2018
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 13, 2017
Accepted: Oct 4, 2017
Published online: May 31, 2018
Published in print: Aug 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 31, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.