Free and Forced Convection Effects on Evaporation
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 109, Issue 9
Abstract
The effects of free and forced convection mechanisms on evaporation rates from open water bodies is examined. Examination of measurements from seven water bodies (from very small to tens of square kilometers) indicates that evaporation resulting from forced convection progresses at its theoretical value for a wide range of ambient conditions. On the other hand, free convection effects are sensitive to the windspeed and water surface to air temperature difference. Based on the analysis presented, a new evaporation equation is obtained.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N., Transport Phenomena, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960.
2.
Brady, K. D., Graves, W. L., Jr., and Geyer, J. C., “Surface Heat Exchange at Power Plant Cooling Lakes,” Project RP‐49, Report No. 5, Edison Electric Institute Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., Nov., 1969.
3.
Eckert, E. R. G., and Drake, R. M., Jr., Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1969.
4.
Edinger, J. E., Brady, D. K., and Geyer, J. C., “Heat Exchange and Transport in the Environment,” Report No. 14, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., Nov., 1974.
5.
Ficke, J. F., “Comparison of Evaporation Computation Methods, Pretty Lake, Lagrange County, Northeastern Indiana,” Prof. Paper 686‐A, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.
6.
Harbeck, G. E., Jr., Kennon, F. W., Kohler, M. A., et al., “Water Loss Investigations: Lake Hefner Studies, Technical Report,” Prof. Paper 269, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954.
7.
Harbeck, G. E., Jr., Kohler, M. A., Koberg, G. E., et al., “Water Loss Investigations: Lake Mead Studies,” Prof. Paper 298, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1958.
8.
Harbeck, G. E., Jr., Koberg, G. E., and Hughes, G. H., “The Effect of the Addition of Heat from a Powerplant on the Thermal Structure and Evaporation of Lake Colorado City, Texas,” Prof. Paper 27Z‐B, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1959.
9.
Hickox, G. H., Evaporation From a Free Water Surface, Transactions, ASCE, VIII, Paper 2266, 1946.
10.
Hicks, B. B., “Some Evaluations of Drag and Bulk Transfer Coefficients Over Water Bodies of Different Sizes,” Boundary‐Layer Meterology, Vol. 3, 1972, pp. 201–213.
11.
Hicks, B. B., and Wesely, M. L., “An Examination of Some Bulk Formulae Used for Assessing the Performance of Industrial Cooling Ponds, 11 Annual Report, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill., 1975, p. 69.
12.
Kohler, M. A., Nordenson, T. J., and Fox, W. E., “Evaporation from Pans and Lakes,” Research Paper 38, U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Weather Bureau Hydrologic Services Division, 1955.
13.
Paily, P. P., Macagno, E. O., and Kennedy, J. F., “Winter Regime Surface Heat Loss from Heater Streams,” Report No. 155, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Ames, Iowa, 1974.
14.
Ryan, P. J., and Harleman, D. R. F., “An Analytical and Experimental Study of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior,” Report No. 161, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Jan., 1973.
15.
Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1968.
16.
Sill, B. L., and Gaertner, J. P., “Calculation of Evaporation for Extreme Meteorological Conditions,” Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer at Air‐Water Interfaces, ASME, New York, N.Y., 1978.
17.
Verma, S. B., and Cermak, J. E., “Mass Transfer from Aerodynamically Route Surfaces,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 567–579.
18.
Wunderlich, W. O., “Heat and Mass Transfer Between a Water Surface and the Atmosphere,” Lab. Report No. 14, Engineering Laboratory, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn., 1972.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 ASCE.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1983
Published in print: Sep 1983
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.