Effect of Gradients on Acoustic Velocity Meter
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 109, Issue 11
Abstract
The refraction of an acoustic path due to salinity and temperature gradients is usually neglected when making measurements with an acoustic velocity meter. This study shows that refraction of the path at a specific site in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta causes multiple reflections off the water surface and the riverbed. Due to these extreme deviations, shorter acoustic paths are required. An error estimation is performed to evaluate the effects of refraction over a 400 m path length.
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References
1.
American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, D. E. Gray, Coordinating Ed.
2.
Cole, J. A., “The Deflection of an Acoustic Beam by Temperature and Salinity Gradients,” Support Paper, Water Research Centre, Henley Road, Medmenham, PO Box 16, Marlow, Bucks, SL7 2HD, England, 1979.
3.
Smith, W., “Feasibility Study of the Use of the Acoustic Velocity Meter for Measurement of Net Outflow From the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta in California,” Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper No. 1877, 1969.
4.
Smith, W., “Techniques and Equipment Required for Precise Stream Gaging in Tide‐Affected Fresh‐Water Reaches of the Sacramento River, California,” Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper No. 1869‐G, 1971.
5.
Urick, R. J., “Propagation of Sound in the Sea; Transmission Loss, 1,” Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers, McGraw‐Hill, New York, N.Y., 1967.
6.
Wilson, W. D., “Speed of Sound in Sea Water as a Function of Temperature, Pressure and Salinity,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 32, No. 6, June, 1960.
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Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 109 • Issue 11 • November 1983
Pages: 1441 - 1453
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1983
Published in print: Nov 1983
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