Nonhydrostatic Modeling of Tsunamis from Earthquake Rupture to Coastal Impact
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 9
Abstract
The last decade has seen the rapid emergence of nonhydrostatic modeling as an advanced tool for studies of tsunami processes and source mechanisms that warrants a critical assessment of the state of the art and value-added features in relation to contemporary approaches. Inclusion of depth-averaged vertical velocity and nonhydrostatic pressure in the nonlinear shallow-water equations enables description of long-wave dynamics in quasi three-dimensional flows. The governing equations involve first-order derivatives, but retain higher-order properties, as in the Boussinesq-type approach. The commonly-used staggered finite difference scheme continues to provide the surface elevation and horizontal velocity, which in turn are updated by the nonhydrostatic pressure evaluated from a Poisson-type equation. In addition to having dispersion properties complementary to the governing equations, the numerical framework allows implementation of time-varying seafloor excitation from earthquake rupture, a shock-capturing scheme for discontinuous flows, and a multilevel two-way nested grid system for dispersive and shock waves. A series of numerical and laboratory benchmarks as well as a case study of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami illustrate the model capabilities in describing tsunami generation, dispersion, shoaling, bore formation, and separation-driven currents with high precision across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales for general application. These capabilities have an important role in resolving effects of detailed earthquake rupture patterns and providing accurate tsunami impact predictions with implications for warning guidance, hazard assessment, and seismological research.
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Data Availability Statement
Some data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. These cover models, input files, and output data for production of the figures presented in this paper, but do not include proprietary software and third-party data.
Acknowledgments
The development of NEOWAVE was supported by the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program Grant NA05ORA417048 and its benchmarking by the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Grants NA14NWS4670042 and NA15NWS4670025 via Hawaii Emergency Management Agency. We thank Juan Horrillo for providing the Navier-Stokes model results of tsunami generation, Amanda Admire for the current data at Crescent City Harbor and Humboldt Bay, and Patrick Lynett for the laboratory measurements used in the 2009 NSF and 2015 NTHMP benchmarking workshops. SOEST Contribution No. 11618.
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Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 9 • September 2023
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Received: Jun 15, 2022
Accepted: Mar 10, 2023
Published online: Jul 3, 2023
Published in print: Sep 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 3, 2023
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