Data-Driven Residential Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior and Load Profile Modeling for Demand Response in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator Region
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 2
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being adopted by homeowners as a replacement for gas-powered vehicles. As this transition continues, it is important to understand the charging behavior of electric vehicles, particularly in residential buildings where the majority of EV charging occurs. EV charging represents a newer and substantial residential electric load that parallels that of air conditioning in terms of electric demand. As the grid continues to become increasingly powered by renewable resources, it is important to understand the availability of EV loads for use in supporting demand-side management, that is, the ability to adjust demand to meet electricity supply in real time. The majority of prior studies have assessed EV charging using synthetic or hypothetical charging scenarios; there are limited studies that consider charging behavior of EVs based on field data collection. This research collects data on the EV charging patterns in 46 homes across a one-year period (2018). These data were cleaned and quality controlled, then used in combination with EV adoption data to develop EV charging potential estimates at the local and regional level. Results suggest that EV charging behavior is relatively consistent throughout the year, with most charging events occurring in the evening and night hours, likely linked to nonpeak hour-targeted smart chargers. From 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. the likelihood of a charging event generally increases, then slightly decreases from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. Weekend charging generally also as smaller peaks in charging than weekdays. These load profiles demonstrate the consistency of EVs, in aggregate, as a source of DSM for supporting the increasingly renewable electric grid.
Practical Applications
With widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), charging of EVs has become a frequent event at home. This new load added with the usual other residential loads such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), dryer and other daily appliances will become a critical factor for power grid management in near future. This research provides an insight into the consistent charging behavior of EVs in residential buildings, primarily during evening and night hours. For those who involved in power distribution and grid management, this can be proved to be a good candidate for demand-side management, providing flexibility in the grid with more integration of renewable energy sources. In addition, this research also analyzes the total demand of EVs on power grid of the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) region throughout a typical day and the load reduction potential in relation to maximum peak demand. This will help utility providers and policymakers crafting EV-friendly infrastructure and regulations. Finally, this study will pave the way for a more sustainable and reliable grid with the rising integration of EVs in our daily life.
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Data Availability Statement
The aggregated and grid-level data are available on request. However, for data privacy and NDA reasons, the individual EV’s charging data are not available to be released.
Acknowledgments
The data used in this research are obtained through Dataport, from Pecan Street, Inc., a research and development organization located in Austin, TX. This research was funded, in part, by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 30 • Issue 2 • June 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 1, 2023
Accepted: Jan 8, 2024
Published online: Mar 19, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Aug 19, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Architectural engineering
- Building systems
- Continuum mechanics
- Data collection
- Design (by type)
- Dynamic loads
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Electric power
- Electrical systems
- Energy engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Field tests
- Grid systems
- Load factors
- Methodology (by type)
- Power demand
- Research methods (by type)
- Solid mechanics
- Structural design
- Structural dynamics
- Systems engineering
- Systems management
- Tests (by type)
- Vehicle loads
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