Case Studies
Apr 30, 2024

Spatial Analysis of Rental Housing Affordability for Low- and Middle-Income Households in Istanbul

Publication: Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 150, Issue 3

Abstract

In metropolitan areas, rising house prices make it more difficult for low- and middle-income people to access affordable housing. However, the availability of affordable rental housing in metropolitan areas serves the survival and social sustainability of all social groups in urban areas. Despite the critical importance of rental housing affordability at the metropolitan level, studies on this issue, especially spatial studies, are limited. This article spatially analyzes housing affordability for low- and middle-income households in Istanbul, a city experiencing a neoliberal housing policy. The methodology of the study is based on an analysis of rental housing affordability in the metropolitan area of Istanbul by taking into account the polycentric structure of Istanbul, the central grading (center, subcenters, and periphery), and regular and irregular housing subregions. The findings of the article demonstrate that low- and middle-income households in Istanbul have no access to affordable rental housing in the city center and limited access to the subcenters. Furthermore, low- and middle-income households have access mainly to irregular housing areas within the city. The findings imply that without social policies, they will be excluded from central or regular housing areas. This points to the critical role of social policies in neoliberal housing markets.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

Acolin, A., and R. K. Green. 2017. “Measuring housing affordability in São Paulo metropolitan region: Incorporating location.” Cities 62: 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.003.
Adaman, F., and Ç Keyder. 2006. “Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Slums and Slum Neighbourhoods of Large Cities in Turkey.” [In Turkish.]. Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Çalışma, Sosyal İşler ve Fırsat Eşitliği Dairesi Raporu. Accessed June 20, 2021. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/ social_inclusion/docs/2006 /study_turkey_tr.pdf.
Alkay, E., and G. Övenç. 2019. “Investigating regional differences in housing affordability of different income groups.” [In Turkish.] Int. J. Polit. Sci. Urban Stud. 7 (1): 260–285. https://doi.org/10.14782/ipsus.539223.
Arnold, E., and A. Skaburskis. 1989. “Measuring Ontario’s increasing housing affordability problem.” Social Indic. Res. 21 (5): 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00513458.
Ayouba, K., M.-L. Breuillé, C. Grivault, and J. Le Gallo. 2021. “The spatial dimension of the French private rental markets: Evidence from microgeographic data in 2015.” Environ. Plann. B: Urban Anal. City Sci. 48 (8): 2497–2513. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320977877.
Baker, E., K. Mason, and R. Bentley. 2015. “Measuring housing affordability: A longitudinal approach.” Urban Policy Res. 33 (3): 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2015.1034853.
Balaban, O. 2012. “The negative effects of construction boom on urban planning and environment in Turkey: Unraveling the role of the public sector.” Habitat Int. 36 (1): 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.05.003.
Beer, A., B. Kearins, and H. Pieters. 2007. “Housing affordability and planning in Australia: The challenge of policy under neo-liberalism.” Hous. Stud. 22 (1): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024572.
Balamir, M. 1999. “Formation of private rental stock in Turkey.” Neth. J. Housing Built Environ. 14 (4): 385–402.
Bölen, F., H. Türkoğlu, N. Ergun, F. Yirmibeşoğlu, F. Terzi, H. S. Kaya, and S. Kundak. 2006. Spatial analysis of residential areas and quality of life in Istanbul metropolitan area. [In Turkish.] I. ve II. aşama. İstanbul, Turkey: İstanbul Çevre Düzeni Planı analitik ve sentez çalışmaları.
Bramley, G. 1994. “An affordability crisis in British housing: Dimensions, causes and policy impact.” Hous. Stud. 9 (1): 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039408720777.
Bramley, G. 2012. “Affordability, poverty and housing need: Triangulating measures and standards.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 27 (2): 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-011-9255-4.
Bramley, G., and N. K. Karley. 2005. “How much extra affordable housing is needed in England?” Hous. Stud. 20 (5): 685–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030500213938.
Chaplin, R., and A. Freeman. 1999. “Towards an accurate description of affordability.” Urban Stud. 36 (11): 1949–1957. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098992692.
Coşgun, N., EÖ Aydın, and F. Uzungüngör. 2011. “The development of the lodging model in housing presentation in Turkey.” [In Turkish.] Mimarlık 358: 56–60.
Coulter, R. 2017. “Social disparities in private renting amongst young families in England and Wales, 2001‒2011.” Hous. Theory Soc. 34 (3): 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2016.1242511.
Craig, D. A., and D. Porter. 2006. Development beyond neoliberalism? Governance, poverty reduction and political economy. London, UK: Routledge.
Crump, J. 2002. “Deconcentration by demolition: Public housing, poverty, and urban policy.” Environ. Plann. D: Soc. Space 20 (5): 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1068/d306.
Czischke, D., and G. van Bortel. 2023. “An exploration of concepts and polices on ‘affordable housing’ in England, Italy, Poland and The Netherlands.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 38: 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-9598-1.
Eurostat. 2020. “Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group.” Accessed October 27, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.
Eurostat. 2022. “Distribution of population by tenure status, type of household and income group.” Accessed May 16, 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.
Deniz, T. 2014. “An international migration perspective on Turkey.” [In Turkish.] Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 181 (181): 175–204. https://doi.org/10.20296/tsad.91144.
Dewilde, C. 2017. “Do housing regimes matter? Assessing the concept of housing regimes through configurations of housing outcomes.” Int. J. Soc. Welfare 26 (4): 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-9598-1.
Dewilde, C., and P. De Decker. 2016. “Changing inequalities in housing outcomes across Western Europe.” Hous. Theory Soc. 33 (2): 121–161. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14036096.2015.1109545.
Dökmeci, V., and L. Berköz. 1994. “Transformation of Istanbul from a monocentric to a polycentric city.” Eur. Plann. Stud. 2 (2): 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654319408720259.
Erdoğan, M. 2019. “Syrian refugees in Turkey, Konrad–Adenauer-stiftung report.” Ankara, Turkey. https://www.kas.de/documents/283907/7339115/Syrian+Refugees+in+Turkey.pdf/5d3d4091-e56d-3c42-2a9c-4e7f5d98706f?version=1.0&t=1571310579232.
Freeman, A., R. Chaplin, and C. M. Whitehead. 1997. Rental affordability: A review of international literature. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Land Economy, Univ. of Cambridge.
Friedman, R., and G. Rosen. 2020. “The face of affordable housing in a neoliberal paradigm.” Urban Stud. 57 (5): 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018818967.
Gan, Q., and R. J. Hill. 2009. “Measuring housing affordability: Looking beyond the median.” J. Hous. Econ. 18 (2): 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2009.04.003.
Giroux, H. 2002. “Neoliberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: The university as a democratic public sphere.” Harvard Educ. Rev. 72 (4): 425–464. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.72.4.0515nr62324n71p1.
Güler, İ, and A. Gökçe. 2020. “Analyzing the relationship between housing sales to foreigners and the housing bubble with GSADF tests: The case of Istanbul, Antalya provinces and throughout Turkey.” [In Turkish.] Third Sect. Soc. Econ. Rev. 55 (2): 989–1007.
Gülhan, S. T. 2022. “Neoliberalism and neo-dirigisme in action: The state–corporate alliance and the great housing rush of the 2000s in Istanbul, Turkey.” Urban Stud. 59 (7): 1443–1458. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211012618.
Haffner, M., and K. Heylen. 2011. “User costs and housing expenses. Towards a more comprehensive approach to affordability.” Housing Stud. 26 (4): 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.559754.
Hancock, K. E. 1993. “‘Can pay? Won’t pay?’ or economic principles of ‘affordability’.” Urban Stud. 30 (1): 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080081.
Herbert, C., A. Hermann, and D. McCue. 2018. Measuring housing affordability: Assessing the 30-percent of income standard. Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard Univ.
Hills, J., F. Hubert, H. Tomann, and C. Whitehead. 1990. “Shifting subsidy from bricks and mortar to people: Experiences in Britain and West Germany.” Housing Stud. 5 (3): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039008720681.
Ho, M. H. C., and R. L. H. Chiu. 2002. “Impact of accessibility on housing expenditure and affordability in Hong Kong’s private rental sector.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 17 (4): 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021153911692.
Hochstenbach, C. R., and R. Ronald. 2020. “The unlikely revival of private renting in Amsterdam: Re-regulating a regulated housing market.” Environ. Plan A: Economy Space 52 (8): 1622–1642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X2091.
Hulchanski, J. D. 1995. “The concept of housing affordability: Six contemporary uses of the housing expenditure-to-income ratio.” Housing Stud. 10 (4): 471–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039508720833.
IBB (Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality). 2009. 1/100.000 scale Istanbul environmental plan report. [In Turkish.] İstanbul, Turkey: İmar ve Şehircilik Daire Başkanlığı, Şehir Planlama Müdürlüğü.
IBB (Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality). 2020, October. “Job loss in 37.6 percent of low-income households during the pandemic period.” [In Turkish.] Accessed October 6, 2020. https://www.ibb.istanbul/News/Detail/37364.
Isalou, A. A., T. Litman, K. Irandoost, and B. Shahmoradi. 2015. “Evaluation of the affordability level of state-sector housing built in Iran: Case study of the Maskan-e-Mehr project in Zanjan City.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 141 (4): 05014024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000235.
Işık, Ş. 2009. “Educational migration in Turkey.” [In Turkish.] Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 7 (1): 27–37. https://doi.org/ 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000092.
IPA (Istanbul Planning Agency). 2021. “Housing problem research: Current situation and suggestions in Istanbul.” [In Turkish.] Accessed November 10, 2021.https://ipa.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/IPA_KONUT_REHBERI-web.pdf.
İSTKA (Istanbul Development Agency). 2014. “Istanbul regional plan 2014‒2023.” Accessed November 10, 2020. https://www.istka.org.tr/media/24723/istanbul-regional-plan-2014-2023.pdf.
Kamel, N. 2012. “The actualization of neoliberal space and the loss of housing affordability in Santa Monica, California.” Geoforum 43 (3): 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.10.005.
Keleş, R. 2020. Urbanization policy. [In Turkish.] Baskı, Ankara: İmge Publication.
Kemeny, J. 2006. “Corporatism and housing regimes.” Hous. Theory Soc. 23 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090500375423.
Kemp, P. A., and S. Kofner. 2010. “Contrasting varieties of private renting: England and Germany.” Int. J. Hous. Policy 10 (4): 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2010.526401.
Kılınç. 2020. “Postponed provisions of the Turkish code of Obligations No. 6098 on lease law.” [In Turkish.] Accessed December 1, 2020. https://kilinclaw.com.tr/6098-sayili-turk-borclar-kanununun-kira-hukuku-ile-ilgili-ertelenen-hukumleri/.
Koca, D. 2015. “2000 changes in the post-2000 housing production process and its impact on urbanisation.” In I. Uluslararası Kent Araştırmaları Kongresi, edited by M. Altunoğlu and Ş. Geniş, 590–605. Ankara, Turkey: Institute of Urban Studies.
KPMG. 2010. “Affordable housing—A key growth driver in the real estate sector?” KMPG India, 1–20.
Law on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk. 2012. Law No. 6306. Turkish Republic Official Gazette, 28309, May 16, 2012.
Law on the Amendment of the Land Registry Law and Cadastre. 2012. Law No. 6302. Turkish Republic Official Gazette, 28296, May 18, 2012.
Li, J. 2015. Recent trends on housing affordability research: Where are we up to? Accessed January 26, 2015. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2555439.
Litman, T. 2020. “Affordable-accessible housing in a dynamic city: Why and how to increase affordable housing development in accessible locations.” Transportation Research Board. Accessed Ağustos 26, 2020. https://trid.trb.org/view/1639268.
Maclennan, D., and R. Williams. 1990. Affordable housing in Britain and the United States. New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Meen, G. 2018. How should housing affordability be measured. Accessed November 15, 2020. https://housingevidence.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/R2018_02_01_How_to_measure_affordability.pdf.
Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation. 2013. “50 Questions and 50 Answers on Urban Transformation.” [In Turkish.] Accessed November 1, 2020. https://izmir.csb.gov.tr/50-soru-50-cevapta-kentsel-donusum-i-5067.
Ocakcı, M., S. S. Turk, and F. Terzi. 2017. Planning principles and criteria in urban transformation applications. [In Turkish.] Istanbul, Turkey: Birsen.
Oxley, M. 2004. Economics, planning and housing. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ozdemir Sarı, B. Ö., and E. A. Khurami. 2023. “Housing affordability trends and challenges in the Turkish case.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 38: 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-9617-2.
Özkan, H. A., and S. S. Turk. 2016. “Emergence, formation and outcomes of flexibility in Turkish planning practice.” Int. Dev. Plann. Rev. 38 (1): 25–53. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.2.
Özus, E., S. S. Turk, and V. Dökmeci. 2011. “Urban restructuring of Istanbul.” Eur. Plann. Stud. 19 (2): 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2010.515826.
REIDIN. 2023. “Istanbul’s average rental housing value.” Accessed July 12, 2023.
Rolnik, R. 2013. “Late neoliberalism: The financialization of homeownership and housing rights.” Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 37 (3): 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12062.
Rowley, S., R. Ong, and M. Haffner. 2015. “Bridging the gap between housing stress and financial stress: The case of Australia.” Hous. Stud. 30 (3): 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.977851.
Sager, T. 2011. “Neo-liberal urban planning policies: A literature survey 1990–2010.” Prog. Plann. 76 (4): 147–199.
Sarıoğlu Erdoğdu, G. P. 2010. “A comparative analysis of entry to home ownership profiles: Turkey and The Netherlands.” METU J. Fac. Archit. 27 (2): 95–124. https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2010.2.6.
Scanlon, K. 2011. “Private renting in other countries.” In Towards a sustainable private rented sector, edited by K. Scanlon and B. Kochan, 15–44. London, UK: LSE London.
Scanlon, K., and B. Kochan. 2011. Towards a sustainable private rented sector: The lessons from other countries. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Scanlon, K., and C. Whitehead. 2004. International trends in housing tenure and mortgage finance. London: London School of Economics.
Shaikh, A. 2005. “The economic mythology of neoliberalism.” In Neoliberalism: A critical reader, edited by A. Saad-Filho and D. Johnston, 41–49. London: Pluto Press.
Stone, M. E. 2006. “What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach.” Hous. Policy Debate 17 (1): 151–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564.
Sunega, P., and M. Lux. 2016. “Subjective perception versus objective indicators of overcrowding and housing affordability.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 31 (4): 695–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-016-9496-3.
Taruvinga, B. G., and M. M. Mooya. 2018. “Neo-liberalism in low-income housing policy—Problem or panacea?” Dev. South. Afr. 35 (1): 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2017.1412298.
Tekeli, İ. 1996. Development of the housing problem in life and literature in Turkey. [In Turkish.] Ankara, Turkey: T.C. Başbakanlık Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı.
Thalmann, P. 2003. “‘House poor’ or simply ‘poor’?” J. Hous. Econ. 12: 291–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2003.09.004.
Turk, S. 2019. “Private finance integration to affordable housing production: A comparison between Copenhagen and Istanbul.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 38: 325–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-09643-x.
Turk, S. S., and W. K. Korthals Altes. 2014. “The applicability of inclusionary housing (IH) in Turkey.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 29 (3): 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-013-9358-1.
TURKSTAT. 2020a. “Consumer price index, October 2020.” [In Turkish.] Accessed November 24, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Tuketici-Fiyat-Endeksi-Ekim-2020-33871.
TURKSTAT. 2020b. “Number of housing sales to foreigners, 2020.” [In Turkish.] Accessed December 9, 2020. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1056.
TURKSTAT. 2022a. “Income and living conditions survey.” [In Turkish.] Accessed June 20, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-Dagilimi-Istatistikleri-2022-49745.
TURKSTAT. 2022b. “Address based population registration system results.” [In Turkish.] Accessed June 17, 2023. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr.
TURKSTAT. 2022c. “Internal migration statistics, 2021.” [In Turkish.] Accessed June 17, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ic-Goc-Istatistikleri-2021-45869.
Türkün, A. 2014. Conclusion: Can current transformation and renewal policies solve the housing problems of low-income social sections? [In Turkish.] Mülk, Mahal, İnsan, İstanbul, Turkey: İstanbul’da Kentsel Dönüşüm.
Uğurlar, A. 2013. “Rental housing in Turkey: demand and utilisation characteristics in the case of Ankara).” [In Turkish.] Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Science and Technology, Gazi Univ.
UN-Habitat. 2011. “Affordable land and housing in Europe and North America.” Accessed June 20, 2020. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Affordable%20Land%20and%20Housing%20in%20Europe%20and%20North%20America.pdf.
Uyanıker, G., and E. Alkay. 2019. “Housing land supply in Turkey in the 2000s: An evaluation within the framework of new institutional economics.” [In Turkish.] Megaron 14 (3): 432–442.
Wetzstein, S. 2017. “The global urban housing affordability crisis.” Urban Stud. 54 (14): 3159–3177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017711649.
Yates, J., and M. Gabriel. 2006. Housing affordability in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.
Yetiskul, E., and S. Demirel. 2018. “Local responses to urban redevelopment projects: The case of Beyoğlu, Istanbul.” Urban Stud. 55 (15): 3336–3352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017746623.
Yip, N. M. 1995. “Housing affordability in England.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Social Policy and Social Work, York Univ.
Yip, N. M., and K. Y. Lau. 2002. “Setting rent with reference to tenants’ affordability: Public housing rent policy in Hong Kong.” J. Hous. Built Environ. 17 (4): 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021118714418.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Journal of Urban Planning and Development
Volume 150Issue 3September 2024

History

Received: Jul 27, 2023
Accepted: Jan 31, 2024
Published online: Apr 30, 2024
Published in print: Sep 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 30, 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Research Assistant, Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning, Gebze Technical Univ., Kocaeli 41400, Turkey (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3834-6536. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning, Istanbul Technical Univ., Istanbul 34367, Turkey. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-7794. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share