Characteristics of Vertical Ground Motions and Their Effect on the Seismic Response of Bridges in the Near-Field: A State-of-the-Art Review
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 6
Abstract
Despite the evidence from past earthquakes and several numerical investigations demonstrating the detrimental impact of vertical ground motions (VGMs) on the integrity of bridge structures, incorporating their effects into seismic assessment and design procedures has traditionally been given limited consideration. Current codes utilize rather simplistic approaches to account for the concurrent effects of vertical and horizontal motions in structural performance evaluations, potentially leading to unconservative estimates of structural demands. This paper reviews the main features of VGMs and their effect on the seismic response of bridges. The methods and empirical models available to estimate vertical motions for design purposes are discussed, and research gaps and related research needs are identified. Finally, the emerging role of physics-based ground-motion simulations, as well as their limitations, in supporting future research and informing the development of simplified design procedures is examined. The main areas of interest for future research are identified in the need to carry out systematic sensitivity studies to gain insight into the main earthquake parameters that influence key VGMs features, understand the influence of soil nonlinearities on VGMs amplitude and frequency content, inform the development of empirical models that cover a range of site conditions and source-to-site distances where current models are poorly constrained, generate arrays of motions to update coherency models to properly inform the analysis of distributed infrastructure, investigate the impulsive character of VGMs, and assess the approximations made in estimating VGMs with 1D site response analyses. Specific focus is laid on large-magnitude earthquakes in the near-field.
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Data Availability Statement
No data, models, or code were generated or used during the study.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the State of California through the Transportation System Research Program of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Award number 1160-NCTRFP. Any opinions, findings, and conclusion or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agency.
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Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 6 • June 2024
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© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Received: Jun 9, 2023
Accepted: Dec 6, 2023
Published online: Apr 2, 2024
Published in print: Jun 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 2, 2024
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