Dynamic Interaction and Mixing of Two Turbulent Forced Plumes in Linearly Stratified Ambience
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 144, Issue 12
Abstract
The hydrodynamics of a two-vent turbulent forced plume propagating in a linear stratification has been studied by a series of laboratory experiments using the two-tank method and the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The velocity fields and turbulence characteristics of a two-vent plume under different source buoyancy flux, ambient stratification, and nozzle distance are analyzed quantitatively. The increase of maximum penetration of a two-vent plume is mainly due to the attenuation of buoyancy gradient caused by less entrainment of ambient fluid in the region between the two vents. The energy spectra do not exhibit a sizable range of the Kolmogorov slope, indicating that no substantial inertial subrange is present in this small-scale plume in a linear stratification generated in the laboratory. Both turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation increase with the decrease of distance between the two plumes, indicating that the interaction, entrainment, and mixing in a two-vent plume stem greatly enhance energy production and dissipation. The maximum turbulent viscosity in a two-vent plume, however, presents a three-stage variation. An increase of viscosity in the second stage appears in the mixing region of the neutral buoyancy layer between the two plumes when the normalized distance is in the range of 0.3–0.6; this increase is attributed to flow rebound after overshooting and a strong entrainment and mixing in this region due to lateral flow convection. A new semiempirical formula for the maximum penetration and new scaling relationships for the maximum turbulent viscosity of a two-vent plume are proposed and verified by the PIV experimental data.
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Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11672267), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR16E090001), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2017XZZX001-02A), and Research Funding of Shenzhen City (JCYJ20160425164642646). Wei Zhang gratefully acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for providing a scholarship for him to study at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). While visiting Ocean College at Zhejiang University, Houshuo Jiang initiated this work and helped constructing the experimental setup; he was supported by a National Science Foundation grant NSF OCE-1038055 through the RIDGE2000 program and an internal funding from WHOI. Yingzhong Lou at Zhejiang University is appreciated for assistance in the revision. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for providing very helpful and constructive comments that improved the manuscript.
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Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 144 • Issue 12 • December 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 5, 2017
Accepted: Jun 18, 2018
Published online: Sep 26, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Feb 26, 2019
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